union

Clausura de un conjunto respecto de una función

PorJosé A. Alonso 2-mayo-20223-mayo-2022

Un conjunto A está cerrado respecto de una función f si para elemento x de A se tiene que f(x) pertenece a A. La clausura de un conjunto B respecto de una función f es el menor conjunto A que contiene a B y es cerrado respecto de f. Por ejemplo, la clausura de {0,1,2] respecto del opuesto es {-2,-1,0,1,2}.

Definir la función

   clausura :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]

1	clausura :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]

tal que (clausura f xs) es la clausura de xs respecto de f. Por ejemplo,

   clausura (\x -> -x) [0,1,2]         ==  [-2,-1,0,1,2]
   clausura (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 5) [0]  ==  [0,1,2,3,4]
   length (clausura (\x -> (x+1) `mod` (10^6)) [0]) == 1000000

clausura (\x -> -x) [0,1,2] == [-2,-1,0,1,2]

clausura (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 5) [0] == [0,1,2,3,4]

length (clausura (\x -> (x+1) `mod` (10^6)) [0]) == 1000000

Soluciones

module Clausura where

import Data.List ((\\), nub, sort, union)
import Test.QuickCheck.HigherOrder (quickCheck')
import qualified Data.Set as S (Set, difference, fromList, map, null, toList, union)

-- 1ª solución
-- ===========

clausura1 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
clausura1 f xs
  | esCerrado f xs = sort xs
  | otherwise      = clausura1 f (expansion f xs)

-- (esCerrado f xs) se verifica si al aplicar f a cualquier elemento de
-- xs se obtiene un elemento de xs. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> esCerrado (\x -> -x) [0,1,2]
--    False
--    λ> esCerrado (\x -> -x) [0,1,2,-2,-1]
--    True
esCerrado :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> Bool
esCerrado f xs = all (`elem` xs) (map f xs)

-- (expansion f xs) es la lista (sin repeticiones) obtenidas añadiéndole
-- a xs el resulta de aplicar f a sus elementos. Por ejemplo,
--    expansion (\x -> -x) [0,1,2]  ==  [0,1,2,-1,-2]
expansion :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
expansion f xs = xs `union` map f xs

-- 2ª solución
-- ===========

clausura2 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
clausura2 f xs = sort (until (esCerrado f) (expansion f) xs)

-- 3ª solución
-- ===========

clausura3 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
clausura3 f xs = aux xs xs
  where aux ys vs | null ns   = sort vs
                  | otherwise = aux ns (vs ++ ns)
          where ns = nub (map f ys) \\ vs

-- 4ª solución
-- ===========

clausura4 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]
clausura4 f xs = S.toList (clausura4' f (S.fromList xs))

clausura4' :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> S.Set a -> S.Set a
clausura4' f xs = aux xs xs
  where aux ys vs | S.null ns = vs
                  | otherwise = aux ns (vs `S.union` ns)
          where ns = S.map f ys `S.difference` vs

-- Comprobación de equivalencia
-- ============================

-- La propiedad es
prop_clausura :: (Int -> Int) -> [Int] -> Bool
prop_clausura f xs =
  all (== clausura1 f xs')
      [ clausura2 f xs'
      , clausura3 f xs'
      , clausura4 f xs'
      ]
  where xs' = sort (nub xs)

-- La comprobación es
--    λ> quickCheck' prop_clausura
--    +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- =========================

-- La comparación es
--    λ> length (clausura1 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])
--    800
--    (1.95 secs, 213,481,560 bytes)
--    λ> length (clausura2 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])
--    800
--    (1.96 secs, 213,372,824 bytes)
--    λ> length (clausura3 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])
--    800
--    (0.03 secs, 42,055,128 bytes)
--    λ> length (clausura4 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])
--    800
--    (0.01 secs, 1,779,768 bytes)
--
--    λ> length (clausura3 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` (10^4)) [0])
--    10000
--    (2.50 secs, 8,080,105,816 bytes)
--    λ> length (clausura4 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` (10^4)) [0])
--    10000
--    (0.05 secs, 27,186,920 bytes)

module Clausura where

import Data.List ((\\), nub, sort, union)

import Test.QuickCheck.HigherOrder (quickCheck')

import qualified Data.Set as S (Set, difference, fromList, map, null, toList, union)

-- 1ª solución

-- ===========

clausura1 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]

clausura1 f xs

| esCerrado f xs = sort xs

| otherwise = clausura1 f (expansion f xs)

-- (esCerrado f xs) se verifica si al aplicar f a cualquier elemento de

-- xs se obtiene un elemento de xs. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> esCerrado (\x -> -x) [0,1,2]

-- False

-- λ> esCerrado (\x -> -x) [0,1,2,-2,-1]

-- True

esCerrado :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> Bool

esCerrado f xs = all (`elem` xs) (map f xs)

-- (expansion f xs) es la lista (sin repeticiones) obtenidas añadiéndole

-- a xs el resulta de aplicar f a sus elementos. Por ejemplo,

-- expansion (\x -> -x) [0,1,2] == [0,1,2,-1,-2]

expansion :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]

expansion f xs = xs `union` map f xs

-- 2ª solución

-- ===========

clausura2 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]

clausura2 f xs = sort (until (esCerrado f) (expansion f) xs)

-- 3ª solución

-- ===========

clausura3 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]

clausura3 f xs = aux xs xs

where aux ys vs | null ns = sort vs

| otherwise = aux ns (vs ++ ns)

where ns = nub (map f ys) \\ vs

-- 4ª solución

-- ===========

clausura4 :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> [a] -> [a]

clausura4 f xs = S.toList (clausura4' f (S.fromList xs))

clausura4' :: Ord a => (a -> a) -> S.Set a -> S.Set a

clausura4' f xs = aux xs xs

where aux ys vs | S.null ns = vs

| otherwise = aux ns (vs `S.union` ns)

where ns = S.map f ys `S.difference` vs

-- Comprobación de equivalencia

-- ============================

-- La propiedad es

prop_clausura :: (Int -> Int) -> [Int] -> Bool

prop_clausura f xs =

all (== clausura1 f xs')

[ clausura2 f xs'

, clausura3 f xs'

, clausura4 f xs'

]

where xs' = sort (nub xs)

-- La comprobación es

-- λ> quickCheck' prop_clausura

-- +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- =========================

-- La comparación es

-- λ> length (clausura1 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])

-- 800

-- (1.95 secs, 213,481,560 bytes)

-- λ> length (clausura2 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])

-- 800

-- (1.96 secs, 213,372,824 bytes)

-- λ> length (clausura3 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])

-- 800

-- (0.03 secs, 42,055,128 bytes)

-- λ> length (clausura4 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` 800) [0])

-- 800

-- (0.01 secs, 1,779,768 bytes)

-- λ> length (clausura3 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` (10^4)) [0])

-- 10000

-- (2.50 secs, 8,080,105,816 bytes)

-- λ> length (clausura4 (\x -> (x+1) `mod` (10^4)) [0])

-- 10000

-- (0.05 secs, 27,186,920 bytes)

El código se encuentra en GitHub.

La elaboración de las soluciones se describe en el siguiente vídeo

Diferencia simétrica

PorJosé A. Alonso 29-marzo-20225-abril-2022

La diferencia simétrica de dos conjuntos es el conjunto cuyos elementos son aquellos que pertenecen a alguno de los conjuntos iniciales, sin pertenecer a ambos a la vez. Por ejemplo, la diferencia simétrica de {2,5,3} y {4,2,3,7} es {5,4,7}.

Definir la función

   diferenciaSimetrica :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

1	diferenciaSimetrica :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

tal que (diferenciaSimetrica xs ys) es la diferencia simétrica de xs e ys. Por ejemplo,

   diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,3] [4,2,3,7]    ==  [4,5,7]
   diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,3] [5,2,3]      ==  []
   diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,2] [4,2,3,7]    ==  [3,4,5,7]
   diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,2] [4,2,4,7]    ==  [4,5,7]
   diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,2,4] [4,2,4,7]  ==  [5,7]

diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,3] [4,2,3,7] == [4,5,7]

diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,3] [5,2,3] == []

diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,2] [4,2,3,7] == [3,4,5,7]

diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,2] [4,2,4,7] == [4,5,7]

diferenciaSimetrica [2,5,2,4] [4,2,4,7] == [5,7]

Soluciones

import Test.QuickCheck
import Data.List ((\\), intersect, nub, sort, union)
import qualified Data.Set as S

-- 1ª solución
-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica1 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
diferenciaSimetrica1 xs ys =
  sort (nub ([x | x <- xs, x `notElem` ys] ++ [y | y <- ys, y `notElem` xs]))

-- 2ª solución
-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica2 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
diferenciaSimetrica2 xs ys =
  sort (nub (filter (`notElem` ys) xs ++ filter (`notElem` xs) ys))

-- 3ª solución
-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica3 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
diferenciaSimetrica3 xs ys =
  sort (nub (union xs ys \\ intersect xs ys))

-- 4ª solución
-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica4 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
diferenciaSimetrica4 xs ys =
  [x | x <- sort (nub (xs ++ ys))
     , x `notElem` xs || x `notElem` ys]

-- 5ª solución
-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica5 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]
diferenciaSimetrica5 xs ys =
  S.elems ((xs' `S.union` ys') `S.difference` (xs' `S.intersection` ys'))
  where xs' = S.fromList xs
        ys' = S.fromList ys

-- Comprobación de equivalencia
-- ============================

-- La propiedad es
prop_diferenciaSimetrica :: [Int] -> [Int] -> Bool
prop_diferenciaSimetrica xs ys =
  all (== diferenciaSimetrica1 xs ys)
      [diferenciaSimetrica2 xs ys,
       diferenciaSimetrica3 xs ys,
       diferenciaSimetrica4 xs ys,
       diferenciaSimetrica5 xs ys]

-- La comprobación es
--    λ> quickCheck prop_diferenciaSimetrica
--    +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- =========================

-- La comparación es
--    λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica1 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])
--    10000
--    (2.34 secs, 10,014,360 bytes)
--    λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica2 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])
--    10000
--    (2.41 secs, 8,174,264 bytes)
--    λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica3 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])
--    10000
--    (5.84 secs, 10,232,006,288 bytes)
--    λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica4 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])
--    10000
--    (5.83 secs, 14,814,184 bytes)
--    λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica5 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])
--    10000
--    (0.02 secs, 7,253,496 bytes)

import Test.QuickCheck

import Data.List ((\\), intersect, nub, sort, union)

import qualified Data.Set as S

-- 1ª solución

-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica1 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

diferenciaSimetrica1 xs ys =

sort (nub ([x | x <- xs, x `notElem` ys] ++ [y | y <- ys, y `notElem` xs]))

-- 2ª solución

-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica2 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

diferenciaSimetrica2 xs ys =

sort (nub (filter (`notElem` ys) xs ++ filter (`notElem` xs) ys))

-- 3ª solución

-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica3 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

diferenciaSimetrica3 xs ys =

sort (nub (union xs ys \\ intersect xs ys))

-- 4ª solución

-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica4 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

diferenciaSimetrica4 xs ys =

[x | x <- sort (nub (xs ++ ys))

, x `notElem` xs || x `notElem` ys]

-- 5ª solución

-- ===========

diferenciaSimetrica5 :: Ord a => [a] -> [a] -> [a]

diferenciaSimetrica5 xs ys =

S.elems ((xs' `S.union` ys') `S.difference` (xs' `S.intersection` ys'))

where xs' = S.fromList xs

ys' = S.fromList ys

-- Comprobación de equivalencia

-- ============================

-- La propiedad es

prop_diferenciaSimetrica :: [Int] -> [Int] -> Bool

prop_diferenciaSimetrica xs ys =

all (== diferenciaSimetrica1 xs ys)

[diferenciaSimetrica2 xs ys,

diferenciaSimetrica3 xs ys,

diferenciaSimetrica4 xs ys,

diferenciaSimetrica5 xs ys]

-- La comprobación es

-- λ> quickCheck prop_diferenciaSimetrica

-- +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- =========================

-- La comparación es

-- λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica1 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])

-- 10000

-- (2.34 secs, 10,014,360 bytes)

-- λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica2 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])

-- 10000

-- (2.41 secs, 8,174,264 bytes)

-- λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica3 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])

-- 10000

-- (5.84 secs, 10,232,006,288 bytes)

-- λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica4 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])

-- 10000

-- (5.83 secs, 14,814,184 bytes)

-- λ> length (diferenciaSimetrica5 [1..2*10^4] [2,4..2*10^4])

-- 10000

-- (0.02 secs, 7,253,496 bytes)

El código se encuentra en GitHub.

La elaboración de las soluciones se describe en el siguiente vídeo

Nuevas soluciones

En los comentarios se pueden escribir nuevas soluciones.
El código se debe escribir entre una línea con <pre lang="haskell"> y otra con </pre>

Subexpresiones aritméticas

PorJosé A. Alonso 4-junio-20202-enero-2021

Las expresiones aritméticas pueden representarse usando el siguiente tipo de datos

   data Expr = N Int | S Expr Expr | P Expr Expr  
     deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

1 2	data Expr = N Int \| S Expr Expr \| P Expr Expr deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

Por ejemplo, la expresión 2*(3+7) se representa por

   P (N 2) (S (N 3) (N 7))

1	P (N 2) (S (N 3) (N 7))

Definir la función

   subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr

1	subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr

tal que (subexpresiones e) es el conjunto de las subexpresiones de e. Por ejemplo,

   λ> subexpresiones (S (N 2) (N 3))
   fromList [N 2,N 3,S (N 2) (N 3)]
   λ> subexpresiones (P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7))
   fromList [N 2,N 7,S (N 2) (N 2),P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7)]

λ> subexpresiones (S (N 2) (N 3))

fromList [N 2,N 3,S (N 2) (N 3)]

λ> subexpresiones (P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7))

fromList [N 2,N 7,S (N 2) (N 2),P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7)]

Soluciones

import Data.Set

data Expr = N Int | S Expr Expr | P Expr Expr  
  deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr
subexpresiones (N x)   = singleton (N x)
subexpresiones (S i d) =
  S i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)
subexpresiones (P i d) =
  P i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)

import Data.Set

data Expr = N Int | S Expr Expr | P Expr Expr

deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr

subexpresiones (N x) = singleton (N x)

subexpresiones (S i d) =

S i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)

subexpresiones (P i d) =

P i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)

Conjetura de las familias estables por uniones

PorJosé A. Alonso 24-abril-20201-mayo-2020

La conjetura de las familias estables por uniones fue planteada por Péter Frankl en 1979 y aún sigue abierta.

Una familia de conjuntos es estable por uniones si la unión de dos conjuntos cualesquiera de la familia pertenece a la familia. Por ejemplo, {∅, {1}, {2}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}} es estable por uniones; pero {{1}, {2}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}} no lo es.

La conjetura afirma que toda familia no vacía estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia.

Definir las funciones

   esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
   familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
   mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
   conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

tales que

(esEstable f) se verifica si la familia f es estable por uniones. Por ejemplo,

     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])
     True
     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])
     False
     λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])
     True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])

True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])

False

λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])

True

(familiasEstables c) es el conjunto de las familias estables por uniones formadas por elementos del conjunto c. Por ejemplo,

     λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])
     fromList
       [ fromList []
       , fromList [fromList []]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],
         fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [2]]]
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))
     14
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))
     122
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))
     4960

λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])

fromList

[ fromList []

, fromList [fromList []]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],

fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [2]]]

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))

122

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))

4960

(mayoritarios f) es la lista de elementos que pertenecen al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3]
     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

1 2	mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3] mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

(conjeturaFrankl n) se verifica si para toda familia f formada por elementos del conjunto {1,2,…,n} no vacía, estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de f. Por ejemplo.

     conjeturaFrankl 2  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 3  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 4  ==  True

conjeturaFrankl 2 == True

conjeturaFrankl 3 == True

conjeturaFrankl 4 == True

Soluciones

import Data.Set  as S ( Set
                      , delete
                      , deleteFindMin
                      , empty
                      , filter
                      , fromList
                      , insert
                      , map
                      , member
                      , null
                      , singleton
                      , size
                      , toList
                      , union
                      , unions
                      )
import Data.List as L ( filter
                      , null
                      )

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
esEstable xss =
  and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss
                                    , zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de
-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])
--    [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]
selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]
selecciones xs =
  [(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs] 

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familiasEstables xss =
  S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [fromList []]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [2]]
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    16
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    256
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))
--    65536
familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familias c =
  subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [1]
--    fromList [1,2]
--    fromList [1,2,3]
--    fromList [1,3]
--    fromList [2]
--    fromList [2,3]
--    fromList [3]
subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)
subconjuntos c
  | S.null c  = singleton empty
  | otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr
  where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c
        sr     = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos
-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo, 
--    λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])
--    fromList [1,2,5]
elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a
elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los
-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1
nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int
nOcurrencias f x =
  length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
mayoritarios f =
  [x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)
     , nOcurrencias f x >= n]
  where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl n =
  and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))
      | f <- fs
      , f /= fromList []
      , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))


-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl' n =
  [f | f <- fs
     , L.null (mayoritarios f)
     , f /= fromList []
     , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

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import Data.Set as S ( Set

, delete

, deleteFindMin

, empty

, filter

, fromList

, insert

, map

, member

, null

, singleton

, size

, toList

, union

, unions

)

import Data.List as L ( filter

, null

)

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

esEstable xss =

and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss

, zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de

-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])

-- [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]

selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]

selecciones xs =

[(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs]

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familiasEstables xss =

S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [fromList []]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [2]]

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- 16

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- 256

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))

-- 65536

familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familias c =

subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [1]

-- fromList [1,2]

-- fromList [1,2,3]

-- fromList [1,3]

-- fromList [2]

-- fromList [2,3]

-- fromList [3]

subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)

subconjuntos c

| S.null c = singleton empty

| otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr

where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c

sr = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos

-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])

-- fromList [1,2,5]

elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a

elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los

-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1

nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int

nOcurrencias f x =

length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

mayoritarios f =

[x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)

, nOcurrencias f x >= n]

where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl n =

and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))

| f <- fs

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl' n =

[f | f <- fs

, L.null (mayoritarios f)

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

Otras soluciones

Se pueden escribir otras soluciones en los comentarios.
El código se debe escribir entre una línea con <pre lang="haskell"> y otra con </pre>

Conjetura de las familias estables por uniones

PorJosé A. Alonso 5-abril-201925-abril-2021

La conjetura de las familias estables por uniones fue planteada por Péter Frankl en 1979 y aún sigue abierta.

La conjetura afirma que toda familia no vacía estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia.

Definir las funciones

   esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
   familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
   mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
   conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

tales que

(esEstable f) se verifica si la familia f es estable por uniones. Por ejemplo,

     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])
     True
     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])
     False
     λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])
     True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])

True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])

False

λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])

True

(familiasEstables c) es el conjunto de las familias estables por uniones formadas por elementos del conjunto c. Por ejemplo,

     λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])
     fromList
       [ fromList []
       , fromList [fromList []]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],
         fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [2]]]
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))
     14
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))
     122
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))
     4960

λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])

fromList

[ fromList []

, fromList [fromList []]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],

fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [2]]]

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))

122

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))

4960

(mayoritarios f) es la lista de elementos que pertenecen al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3]
     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

1 2	mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3] mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

(conjeturaFrankl n) se verifica si para toda familia f formada por elementos del conjunto {1,2,…,n} no vacía, estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de f. Por ejemplo.

     conjeturaFrankl 2  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 3  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 4  ==  True

conjeturaFrankl 2 == True

conjeturaFrankl 3 == True

conjeturaFrankl 4 == True

Soluciones

import Data.Set  as S ( Set
                      , delete
                      , deleteFindMin
                      , empty
                      , filter
                      , fromList
                      , insert
                      , map
                      , member
                      , null
                      , singleton
                      , size
                      , toList
                      , union
                      , unions
                      )
import Data.List as L ( filter
                      , null
                      )

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
esEstable xss =
  and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss
                                    , zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de
-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])
--    [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]
selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]
selecciones xs =
  [(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs] 

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familiasEstables xss =
  S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [fromList []]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [2]]
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    16
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    256
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))
--    65536
familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familias c =
  subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [1]
--    fromList [1,2]
--    fromList [1,2,3]
--    fromList [1,3]
--    fromList [2]
--    fromList [2,3]
--    fromList [3]
subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)
subconjuntos c
  | S.null c  = singleton empty
  | otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr
  where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c
        sr     = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos
-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo, 
--    λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])
--    fromList [1,2,5]
elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a
elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los
-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1
nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int
nOcurrencias f x =
  length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
mayoritarios f =
  [x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)
     , nOcurrencias f x >= n]
  where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl n =
  and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))
      | f <- fs
      , f /= fromList []
      , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))


-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl' n =
  [f | f <- fs
     , L.null (mayoritarios f)
     , f /= fromList []
     , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

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import Data.Set as S ( Set

, delete

, deleteFindMin

, empty

, filter

, fromList

, insert

, map

, member

, null

, singleton

, size

, toList

, union

, unions

)

import Data.List as L ( filter

, null

)

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

esEstable xss =

and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss

, zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de

-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])

-- [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]

selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]

selecciones xs =

[(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs]

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familiasEstables xss =

S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [fromList []]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [2]]

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- 16

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- 256

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))

-- 65536

familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familias c =

subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [1]

-- fromList [1,2]

-- fromList [1,2,3]

-- fromList [1,3]

-- fromList [2]

-- fromList [2,3]

-- fromList [3]

subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)

subconjuntos c

| S.null c = singleton empty

| otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr

where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c

sr = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos

-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])

-- fromList [1,2,5]

elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a

elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los

-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1

nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int

nOcurrencias f x =

length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

mayoritarios f =

[x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)

, nOcurrencias f x >= n]

where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl n =

and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))

| f <- fs

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl' n =

[f | f <- fs

, L.null (mayoritarios f)

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

Pensamiento

Pero tampoco es razón
desdeñar
consejo que es confesión.

Antonio Machado

Subexpresiones aritméticas

PorJosé A. Alonso 31-mayo-201825-abril-2021

Las expresiones aritméticas pueden representarse usando el siguiente tipo de datos

   data Expr = N Int | S Expr Expr | P Expr Expr  
     deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

1 2	data Expr = N Int \| S Expr Expr \| P Expr Expr deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

Por ejemplo, la expresión 2*(3+7) se representa por

   P (N 2) (S (N 3) (N 7))

1	P (N 2) (S (N 3) (N 7))

Definir la función

   subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr

1	subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr

tal que (subexpresiones e) es el conjunto de las subexpresiones de e. Por ejemplo,

   λ> subexpresiones (S (N 2) (N 3))
   fromList [N 2,N 3,S (N 2) (N 3)]
   λ> subexpresiones (P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7))
   fromList [N 2,N 7,S (N 2) (N 2),P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7)]

λ> subexpresiones (S (N 2) (N 3))

fromList [N 2,N 3,S (N 2) (N 3)]

λ> subexpresiones (P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7))

fromList [N 2,N 7,S (N 2) (N 2),P (S (N 2) (N 2)) (N 7)]

Soluciones

import Data.Set

data Expr = N Int | S Expr Expr | P Expr Expr  
  deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr
subexpresiones (N x)   = singleton (N x)
subexpresiones (S i d) =
  S i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)
subexpresiones (P i d) =
  P i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)

import Data.Set

data Expr = N Int | S Expr Expr | P Expr Expr

deriving (Eq, Ord, Show)

subexpresiones :: Expr -> Set Expr

subexpresiones (N x) = singleton (N x)

subexpresiones (S i d) =

S i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)

subexpresiones (P i d) =

P i d `insert` (subexpresiones i `union` subexpresiones d)

Sumas de subconjuntos

PorJosé A. Alonso 24-abril-20181-mayo-2018

Definir la función

   sumasSubconjuntos :: Set Int -> Set Int

1	sumasSubconjuntos :: Set Int -> Set Int

tal que (sumasSubconjuntos xs) es el conjunto de las sumas de cada uno de los subconjuntos de xs. Por ejemplo,

   λ> sumasSubconjuntos (fromList [3,2,5])
   fromList [0,2,3,5,7,8,10]
   λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos (fromList [-40,-39..40]))
   1641

λ> sumasSubconjuntos (fromList [3,2,5])

fromList [0,2,3,5,7,8,10]

λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos (fromList [-40,-39..40]))

1641

Soluciones

import Data.List
import Data.Set ( Set
                , deleteFindMin
                , fromList
                , singleton
                , toList
                )
import qualified Data.Set as S

-- 1ª definición
-- =============

sumasSubconjuntos :: Set Int -> Set Int
sumasSubconjuntos xs =
  fromList (map sum (subsequences (toList xs))) 

-- 2ª definición
-- =============

sumasSubconjuntos2 :: Set Int -> Set Int
sumasSubconjuntos2 =
  fromList . sumasSubconjuntosL . toList  

sumasSubconjuntosL :: [Int] -> [Int]
sumasSubconjuntosL []     = [0]
sumasSubconjuntosL (x:xs) = ys `union` map (+x) ys
  where ys = sumasSubconjuntosL xs

-- 3ª solución
-- ===========

sumasSubconjuntos3 :: Set Int -> Set Int
sumasSubconjuntos3 xs
  | S.null xs = singleton 0
  | otherwise = zs `S.union` (S.map (+y) zs)
  where (y,ys) = deleteFindMin xs
        zs     = sumasSubconjuntos2 ys

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- =========================

--    λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos (fromList [1..22]))
--    254
--    (4.17 secs, 4,574,495,128 bytes)
--    λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos2 (fromList [1..22]))
--    254
--    (0.03 secs, 5,583,200 bytes)
--    λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos3 (fromList [1..22]))
--    254
--    (0.03 secs, 5,461,064 bytes)
--
--    λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos2 (fromList [1..60]))
--    1831
--    (2.75 secs, 611,912,128 bytes)
--    λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos3 (fromList [1..60]))
--    1831
--    (2.81 secs, 610,476,992 bytes)

import Data.List

import Data.Set ( Set

, deleteFindMin

, fromList

, singleton

, toList

)

import qualified Data.Set as S

-- 1ª definición

-- =============

sumasSubconjuntos :: Set Int -> Set Int

sumasSubconjuntos xs =

fromList (map sum (subsequences (toList xs)))

-- 2ª definición

-- =============

sumasSubconjuntos2 :: Set Int -> Set Int

sumasSubconjuntos2 =

fromList . sumasSubconjuntosL . toList

sumasSubconjuntosL :: [Int] -> [Int]

sumasSubconjuntosL [] = [0]

sumasSubconjuntosL (x:xs) = ys `union` map (+x) ys

where ys = sumasSubconjuntosL xs

-- 3ª solución

-- ===========

sumasSubconjuntos3 :: Set Int -> Set Int

sumasSubconjuntos3 xs

| S.null xs = singleton 0

| otherwise = zs `S.union` (S.map (+y) zs)

where (y,ys) = deleteFindMin xs

zs = sumasSubconjuntos2 ys

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- =========================

-- λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos (fromList [1..22]))

-- 254

-- (4.17 secs, 4,574,495,128 bytes)

-- λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos2 (fromList [1..22]))

-- 254

-- (0.03 secs, 5,583,200 bytes)

-- λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos3 (fromList [1..22]))

-- 254

-- (0.03 secs, 5,461,064 bytes)

-- λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos2 (fromList [1..60]))

-- 1831

-- (2.75 secs, 611,912,128 bytes)

-- λ> length (sumasSubconjuntos3 (fromList [1..60]))

-- 1831

-- (2.81 secs, 610,476,992 bytes)

Conjuntos de puntos enteros en regiones rectangulares

PorJosé A. Alonso 14-enero-201526-abril-2015

Los puntos de una cuadrícula se puede representar mediante pares de números enteros

   type Punto = (Int,Int)

1	type Punto = (Int,Int)

y las regiones rectangulares mediante el siguiente tipo de dato

   data Region = Rectangulo Punto  Punto 
               | Union      Region Region
               | Diferencia Region Region
               deriving (Eq, Show)

data Region = Rectangulo Punto Punto

| Union Region Region

| Diferencia Region Region

deriving (Eq, Show)

donde

(Rectangulo p1 p2) es la región formada por un rectángulo cuyo vértice superior izquierdo es p1 y su vértice inferior derecho es p2.
(Union r1 r2) es la región cuyos puntos pertenecen a alguna de las regiones r1 y r2.
(Diferencia r1 r2) es la región cuyos puntos pertenecen a la región r1 pero no pertenecen a la r2.

Definir la función

   puntos :: Region -> [Punto]

1	puntos :: Region -> [Punto]

tal que (puntos r) es la lista de puntos de la región r. Por ejemplo, usando las regiones definidas por

   r0021, r3051, r4162 :: Region
   r0021 = Rectangulo (0,0) (2,1)
   r3051 = Rectangulo (3,0) (5,1)
   r4162 = Rectangulo (4,1) (6,2)

r0021, r3051, r4162 :: Region

r0021 = Rectangulo (0,0) (2,1)

r3051 = Rectangulo (3,0) (5,1)

r4162 = Rectangulo (4,1) (6,2)

se tiene

   ghci> puntos r0021
   [(0,0),(0,1),(1,0),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1)]
   ghci> puntos r3051
   [(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(4,1),(5,0),(5,1)]
   ghci> puntos r4162
   [(4,1),(4,2),(5,1),(5,2),(6,1),(6,2)]
   ghci> puntos (Union r0021 r3051)
   [(0,0),(0,1),(1,0),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1),(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(4,1),(5,0),(5,1)]
   ghci> puntos (Diferencia r3051 r4162)
   [(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(5,0)]
   ghci> puntos (Union (Diferencia r3051 r4162) r4162)
   [(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(5,0),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1),(5,2),(6,1),(6,2)]

ghci> puntos r0021

[(0,0),(0,1),(1,0),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1)]

ghci> puntos r3051

[(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(4,1),(5,0),(5,1)]

ghci> puntos r4162

[(4,1),(4,2),(5,1),(5,2),(6,1),(6,2)]

ghci> puntos (Union r0021 r3051)

[(0,0),(0,1),(1,0),(1,1),(2,0),(2,1),(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(4,1),(5,0),(5,1)]

ghci> puntos (Diferencia r3051 r4162)

[(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(5,0)]

ghci> puntos (Union (Diferencia r3051 r4162) r4162)

[(3,0),(3,1),(4,0),(5,0),(4,1),(4,2),(5,1),(5,2),(6,1),(6,2)]

Comprobar con QuickCheck, usando la función enRegion definida en el ejercicio [Puntos en regiones rectangulares](Puntos en regiones rectangulares) que (enRegion p r) es equivalente a (p elem puntos r).

Nota: Escribir las soluciones usando la siguiente plantilla que contiene un generador de regiones

import Test.QuickCheck
import Control.Monad

type Punto = (Int,Int)

data Region = Rectangulo Punto  Punto
            | Union      Region Region
            | Diferencia Region Region
            deriving (Eq, Show)

r0021, r3051, r4162 :: Region
r0021 = Rectangulo (0,0) (2,1)
r3051 = Rectangulo (3,0) (5,1)
r4162 = Rectangulo (4,1) (6,2)

puntos :: Region -> [Punto]
puntos = undefined

-- La propiedad es
prop_puntos :: Punto -> Region -> Bool
prop_puntos p r = undefined

-- La comprobación es
--    ghci> quickCheckWith (stdArgs {maxSize=7}) prop_puntos
--    +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

enRegion :: Punto -> Region -> Bool
enRegion (x,y) (Rectangulo (x1,y1) (x2,y2)) =
    x1 <= x && x <= x2 && y1 <= y && y <= y2
enRegion p (Union r1 r2)      = enRegion p r1 || enRegion p r2
enRegion p (Diferencia r1 r2) = enRegion p r1 && not (enRegion p r2)

-- Generador de regiones:
instance Arbitrary Region where
    arbitrary = sized arb where
        arb 0         = liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary
        arb n | n > 0 = oneof [liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary,
                               liftM2 Union sub sub, 
                               liftM2 Diferencia sub sub] 
              where sub = arb (n `div` 2)

import Test.QuickCheck

import Control.Monad

type Punto = (Int,Int)

data Region = Rectangulo Punto Punto

| Union Region Region

| Diferencia Region Region

deriving (Eq, Show)

r0021, r3051, r4162 :: Region

r0021 = Rectangulo (0,0) (2,1)

r3051 = Rectangulo (3,0) (5,1)

r4162 = Rectangulo (4,1) (6,2)

puntos :: Region -> [Punto]

puntos = undefined

-- La propiedad es

prop_puntos :: Punto -> Region -> Bool

prop_puntos p r = undefined

-- La comprobación es

-- ghci> quickCheckWith (stdArgs {maxSize=7}) prop_puntos

-- +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

enRegion :: Punto -> Region -> Bool

enRegion (x,y) (Rectangulo (x1,y1) (x2,y2)) =

x1 <= x && x <= x2 && y1 <= y && y <= y2

enRegion p (Union r1 r2) = enRegion p r1 || enRegion p r2

enRegion p (Diferencia r1 r2) = enRegion p r1 && not (enRegion p r2)

-- Generador de regiones:

instance Arbitrary Region where

arbitrary = sized arb where

arb 0 = liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary

arb n | n > 0 = oneof [liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary,

liftM2 Union sub sub,

liftM2 Diferencia sub sub]

where sub = arb (n `div` 2)

Soluciones

import Data.List 
import Test.QuickCheck
import Control.Monad

type Punto = (Int,Int)

data Region = Rectangulo Punto  Punto
            | Union      Region Region
            | Diferencia Region Region
            deriving (Eq, Show)

r0021, r3051, r4162 :: Region
r0021 = Rectangulo (0,0) (2,1)
r3051 = Rectangulo (3,0) (5,1)
r4162 = Rectangulo (4,1) (6,2)

puntos :: Region -> [Punto]
puntos (Rectangulo (x1,y1) (x2,y2)) = 
    [(x,y) | x <- [x1..x2], y <- [y1..y2]]
puntos (Union r1 r2)      = puntos r1 `union` puntos r2
puntos (Diferencia r1 r2) = puntos r1 \\ puntos r2

-- La propiedad es
prop_puntos :: Punto -> Region -> Bool
prop_puntos p r =
    enRegion p r == (p `elem` puntos r)

-- La comprobación es
--    ghci> quickCheckWith (stdArgs {maxSize=7}) prop_puntos
--    +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

enRegion :: Punto -> Region -> Bool
enRegion (x,y) (Rectangulo (x1,y1) (x2,y2)) =
    x1 <= x && x <= x2 && y1 <= y && y <= y2
enRegion p (Union r1 r2)      = enRegion p r1 || enRegion p r2
enRegion p (Diferencia r1 r2) = enRegion p r1 && not (enRegion p r2)

-- Generador de regiones:
instance Arbitrary Region where
    arbitrary = sized arb where
        arb 0         = liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary
        arb n | n > 0 = oneof [liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary,
                               liftM2 Union sub sub, 
                               liftM2 Diferencia sub sub] 
              where sub = arb (n `div` 2)

import Data.List

import Test.QuickCheck

import Control.Monad

type Punto = (Int,Int)

data Region = Rectangulo Punto Punto

| Union Region Region

| Diferencia Region Region

deriving (Eq, Show)

r0021, r3051, r4162 :: Region

r0021 = Rectangulo (0,0) (2,1)

r3051 = Rectangulo (3,0) (5,1)

r4162 = Rectangulo (4,1) (6,2)

puntos :: Region -> [Punto]

puntos (Rectangulo (x1,y1) (x2,y2)) =

[(x,y) | x <- [x1..x2], y <- [y1..y2]]

puntos (Union r1 r2) = puntos r1 `union` puntos r2

puntos (Diferencia r1 r2) = puntos r1 \\ puntos r2

-- La propiedad es

prop_puntos :: Punto -> Region -> Bool

prop_puntos p r =

enRegion p r == (p `elem` puntos r)

-- La comprobación es

-- ghci> quickCheckWith (stdArgs {maxSize=7}) prop_puntos

-- +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

enRegion :: Punto -> Region -> Bool

enRegion (x,y) (Rectangulo (x1,y1) (x2,y2)) =

x1 <= x && x <= x2 && y1 <= y && y <= y2

enRegion p (Union r1 r2) = enRegion p r1 || enRegion p r2

enRegion p (Diferencia r1 r2) = enRegion p r1 && not (enRegion p r2)

-- Generador de regiones:

instance Arbitrary Region where

arbitrary = sized arb where

arb 0 = liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary

arb n | n > 0 = oneof [liftM2 Rectangulo arbitrary arbitrary,

liftM2 Union sub sub,

liftM2 Diferencia sub sub]

where sub = arb (n `div` 2)

Clausura de un conjunto respecto de una función

Soluciones

Diferencia simétrica

Soluciones

Nuevas soluciones

Subexpresiones aritméticas

Soluciones

Conjetura de las familias estables por uniones

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Otras soluciones

Conjetura de las familias estables por uniones

Soluciones

Pensamiento

Subexpresiones aritméticas

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Sumas de subconjuntos

Soluciones

Conjuntos de puntos enteros en regiones rectangulares

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