toList

Conjetura de las familias estables por uniones

PorJosé A. Alonso 24-abril-20201-mayo-2020

La conjetura de las familias estables por uniones fue planteada por Péter Frankl en 1979 y aún sigue abierta.

Una familia de conjuntos es estable por uniones si la unión de dos conjuntos cualesquiera de la familia pertenece a la familia. Por ejemplo, {∅, {1}, {2}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}} es estable por uniones; pero {{1}, {2}, {1,3}, {1,2,3}} no lo es.

La conjetura afirma que toda familia no vacía estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia.

Definir las funciones

   esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
   familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
   mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
   conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

tales que

(esEstable f) se verifica si la familia f es estable por uniones. Por ejemplo,

     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])
     True
     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])
     False
     λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])
     True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])

True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])

False

λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])

True

(familiasEstables c) es el conjunto de las familias estables por uniones formadas por elementos del conjunto c. Por ejemplo,

     λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])
     fromList
       [ fromList []
       , fromList [fromList []]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],
         fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [2]]]
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))
     14
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))
     122
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))
     4960

λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])

fromList

[ fromList []

, fromList [fromList []]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],

fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [2]]]

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))

122

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))

4960

(mayoritarios f) es la lista de elementos que pertenecen al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3]
     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

1 2	mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3] mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

(conjeturaFrankl n) se verifica si para toda familia f formada por elementos del conjunto {1,2,…,n} no vacía, estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de f. Por ejemplo.

     conjeturaFrankl 2  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 3  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 4  ==  True

conjeturaFrankl 2 == True

conjeturaFrankl 3 == True

conjeturaFrankl 4 == True

Soluciones

import Data.Set  as S ( Set
                      , delete
                      , deleteFindMin
                      , empty
                      , filter
                      , fromList
                      , insert
                      , map
                      , member
                      , null
                      , singleton
                      , size
                      , toList
                      , union
                      , unions
                      )
import Data.List as L ( filter
                      , null
                      )

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
esEstable xss =
  and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss
                                    , zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de
-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])
--    [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]
selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]
selecciones xs =
  [(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs] 

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familiasEstables xss =
  S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [fromList []]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [2]]
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    16
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    256
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))
--    65536
familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familias c =
  subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [1]
--    fromList [1,2]
--    fromList [1,2,3]
--    fromList [1,3]
--    fromList [2]
--    fromList [2,3]
--    fromList [3]
subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)
subconjuntos c
  | S.null c  = singleton empty
  | otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr
  where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c
        sr     = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos
-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo, 
--    λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])
--    fromList [1,2,5]
elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a
elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los
-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1
nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int
nOcurrencias f x =
  length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
mayoritarios f =
  [x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)
     , nOcurrencias f x >= n]
  where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl n =
  and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))
      | f <- fs
      , f /= fromList []
      , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))


-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl' n =
  [f | f <- fs
     , L.null (mayoritarios f)
     , f /= fromList []
     , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

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import Data.Set as S ( Set

, delete

, deleteFindMin

, empty

, filter

, fromList

, insert

, map

, member

, null

, singleton

, size

, toList

, union

, unions

)

import Data.List as L ( filter

, null

)

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

esEstable xss =

and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss

, zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de

-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])

-- [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]

selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]

selecciones xs =

[(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs]

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familiasEstables xss =

S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [fromList []]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [2]]

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- 16

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- 256

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))

-- 65536

familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familias c =

subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [1]

-- fromList [1,2]

-- fromList [1,2,3]

-- fromList [1,3]

-- fromList [2]

-- fromList [2,3]

-- fromList [3]

subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)

subconjuntos c

| S.null c = singleton empty

| otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr

where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c

sr = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos

-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])

-- fromList [1,2,5]

elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a

elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los

-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1

nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int

nOcurrencias f x =

length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

mayoritarios f =

[x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)

, nOcurrencias f x >= n]

where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl n =

and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))

| f <- fs

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl' n =

[f | f <- fs

, L.null (mayoritarios f)

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

Otras soluciones

Se pueden escribir otras soluciones en los comentarios.
El código se debe escribir entre una línea con <pre lang="haskell"> y otra con </pre>

Matriz dodecafónica

PorJosé A. Alonso 10-abril-201925-abril-2019

Como se explica en Create a Twelve-Tone Melody With a Twelve-Tone Matrix una matriz dodecafónica es una matriz de 12 filas y 12 columnas construidas siguiendo los siguientes pasos:

Se escribe en la primera fila una permutación de los números del 1 al 12. Por ejemplo,

     (  3  1  9  5  4  6  8  7 12 10 11  2 )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )
     (                                     )

( 3 1 9 5 4 6 8 7 12 10 11 2 )

( )

Escribir la primera columna de forma que, para todo i (entre 2 y 12), a(i,1) es el número entre 1 y 12 que verifica la siguiente condición

     (a(1,1) - a(i,1)) = (a(1,i) - a(1,1)) (módulo 12)

1	(a(1,1) - a(i,1)) = (a(1,i) - a(1,1)) (módulo 12)

Siguiendo con el ejemplo anterior, la matriz con la 1ª fila y la 1ª columna es

     (  3  1  9  5  4  6  8  7 12 10 11  2 )
     (  5                                  )
     (  9                                  )
     (  1                                  )
     (  2                                  )
     ( 12                                  )
     ( 10                                  )
     ( 11                                  )
     (  6                                  )
     (  8                                  )
     (  7                                  )
     (  4                                  )

( 3 1 9 5 4 6 8 7 12 10 11 2 )

( 5 )

( 9 )

( 1 )

( 2 )

( 12 )

( 10 )

( 11 )

( 6 )

( 8 )

( 7 )

( 4 )

Escribir la segunda fila de forma que, para todo j (entre 2 y 12), a(j,2) es el número entre 1 y 12 que verifica la siguiente condición

     (a(2,j) - a(1,j)) = (a(2,1) - a(1,1)) (módulo 12)

1	(a(2,j) - a(1,j)) = (a(2,1) - a(1,1)) (módulo 12)

Siguiendo con el ejemplo anterior, la matriz con la 1ª fila, 1ª columna y 2ª fila es

     (  3  1  9  5  4  6  8  7 12 10 11  2 )
     (  5  3 11  7  6  8 10  9  2 12  1  4 )
     (  9                                  )
     (  1                                  )
     (  2                                  )
     ( 12                                  )
     ( 10                                  )
     ( 11                                  )
     (  6                                  )
     (  8                                  )
     (  7                                  )
     (  4                                  )

( 3 1 9 5 4 6 8 7 12 10 11 2 )

( 5 3 11 7 6 8 10 9 2 12 1 4 )

( 9 )

( 1 )

( 2 )

( 12 )

( 10 )

( 11 )

( 6 )

( 8 )

( 7 )

( 4 )

Las restantes filas se completan como la 2ª; es decir, para todo i (entre 3 y 12) y todo j (entre 2 y 12), a(i,j) es el número entre 1 y 12 que verifica la siguiente relación.

     (a(i,j) - a(1,j)) = (a(i,1) - a(1,1)) (módulo 12)

1	(a(i,j) - a(1,j)) = (a(i,1) - a(1,1)) (módulo 12)

Siguiendo con el ejemplo anterior, la matriz dodecafónica es

     (  3  1  9  5  4  6  8  7 12 10 11  2 )
     (  5  3 11  7  6  8 10  9  2 12  1  4 )
     (  9  7  3 11 10 12  2  1  6  4  5  8 )
     (  1 11  7  3  2  4  6  5 10  8  9 12 )
     (  2 12  8  4  3  5  7  6 11  9 10  1 )
     ( 12 10  6  2  1  3  5  4  9  7  8 11 )
     ( 10  8  4 12 11  1  3  2  7  5  6  9 )
     ( 11  9  5  1 12  2  4  3  8  6  7 10 )
     (  6  4 12  8  7  9 11 10  3  1  2  5 )
     (  8  6  2 10  9 11  1 12  5  3  4  7 )
     (  7  5  1  9  8 10 12 11  4  2  3  6 )
     (  4  2 10  6  5  7  9  8  1 11 12  3 )

( 3 1 9 5 4 6 8 7 12 10 11 2 )

( 5 3 11 7 6 8 10 9 2 12 1 4 )

( 9 7 3 11 10 12 2 1 6 4 5 8 )

( 1 11 7 3 2 4 6 5 10 8 9 12 )

( 2 12 8 4 3 5 7 6 11 9 10 1 )

( 12 10 6 2 1 3 5 4 9 7 8 11 )

( 10 8 4 12 11 1 3 2 7 5 6 9 )

( 11 9 5 1 12 2 4 3 8 6 7 10 )

( 6 4 12 8 7 9 11 10 3 1 2 5 )

( 8 6 2 10 9 11 1 12 5 3 4 7 )

( 7 5 1 9 8 10 12 11 4 2 3 6 )

( 4 2 10 6 5 7 9 8 1 11 12 3 )

Definir la función

   matrizDodecafonica :: [Int] -> Matrix Int

1	matrizDodecafonica :: [Int] -> Matrix Int

tal que (matrizDodecafonica xs) es la matriz dodecafónica cuya primera fila es xs (que se supone que es una permutación de los números del 1 al 12). Por ejemplo,

   λ> matrizDodecafonica [3,1,9,5,4,6,8,7,12,10,11,2]
   (  3  1  9  5  4  6  8  7 12 10 11  2 )
   (  5  3 11  7  6  8 10  9  2 12  1  4 )
   (  9  7  3 11 10 12  2  1  6  4  5  8 )
   (  1 11  7  3  2  4  6  5 10  8  9 12 )
   (  2 12  8  4  3  5  7  6 11  9 10  1 )
   ( 12 10  6  2  1  3  5  4  9  7  8 11 )
   ( 10  8  4 12 11  1  3  2  7  5  6  9 )
   ( 11  9  5  1 12  2  4  3  8  6  7 10 )
   (  6  4 12  8  7  9 11 10  3  1  2  5 )
   (  8  6  2 10  9 11  1 12  5  3  4  7 )
   (  7  5  1  9  8 10 12 11  4  2  3  6 )
   (  4  2 10  6  5  7  9  8  1 11 12  3 )

λ> matrizDodecafonica [3,1,9,5,4,6,8,7,12,10,11,2]

( 3 1 9 5 4 6 8 7 12 10 11 2 )

( 5 3 11 7 6 8 10 9 2 12 1 4 )

( 9 7 3 11 10 12 2 1 6 4 5 8 )

( 1 11 7 3 2 4 6 5 10 8 9 12 )

( 2 12 8 4 3 5 7 6 11 9 10 1 )

( 12 10 6 2 1 3 5 4 9 7 8 11 )

( 10 8 4 12 11 1 3 2 7 5 6 9 )

( 11 9 5 1 12 2 4 3 8 6 7 10 )

( 6 4 12 8 7 9 11 10 3 1 2 5 )

( 8 6 2 10 9 11 1 12 5 3 4 7 )

( 7 5 1 9 8 10 12 11 4 2 3 6 )

( 4 2 10 6 5 7 9 8 1 11 12 3 )

Comprobar con QuickCheck para toda matriz dodecafónica D se verifican las siguientes propiedades:

todas las filas de D son permutaciones de los números 1 a 12,
todos los elementos de la diagonal de D son iguales y
la suma de todos los elementos de D es 936.

Nota: Este ejercicio ha sido propuesto por Francisco J. Hidalgo.

Soluciones

import Data.List
import Test.QuickCheck
import Data.Matrix

-- 1ª solución
-- ===========

matrizDodecafonica :: [Int] -> Matrix Int
matrizDodecafonica xs = matrix 12 12 f
  where f (1,j) = xs !! (j-1)
        f (i,1) = modulo12 (2 * f (1,1) - f (1,i)) 
        f (i,j) = modulo12 (f (1,j) + f (i,1) - f (1,1)) 
        modulo12 0  = 12
        modulo12 12 = 12
        modulo12 x  = x `mod` 12
  
-- 2ª solución
-- ===========

matrizDodecafonica2 :: [Int] -> Matrix Int
matrizDodecafonica2 xs = fromLists (secuencias xs)

secuencias :: [Int] -> [[Int]]
secuencias xs = [secuencia a xs | a <- inversa xs]

inversa :: [Int] -> [Int]
inversa xs = map conv (map (\x -> (-x) + 2* (abs a)) xs)
  where a = head xs
        
secuencia :: Int -> [Int] -> [Int]
secuencia n xs = [conv (a+(n-b)) | a <- xs] 
  where b = head xs

conv :: Int -> Int
conv n | n == 0 = 12
       | n < 0 = conv (n+12)
       | n > 11 = conv (mod n 12)
       | otherwise = n          

-- Propiedades
-- ===========

-- Las propiedades son
prop_dodecafonica :: Int -> Property
prop_dodecafonica n = 
  n >= 0 ==>
  all esPermutacion (toLists d)
  && all (== d!(1,1)) [d!(i,i) | i <- [2..12]]
  && sum d == 936
  where xss = permutations [1..12]
        k   = n `mod` product [1..12]
        d   = matrizDodecafonica (xss !! k)
        esPermutacion ys = sort ys == [1..12]

-- La comprobación es
--    λ> quickCheck prop_dodecafonica
--    +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

import Data.List

import Test.QuickCheck

import Data.Matrix

-- 1ª solución

-- ===========

matrizDodecafonica :: [Int] -> Matrix Int

matrizDodecafonica xs = matrix 12 12 f

where f (1,j) = xs !! (j-1)

f (i,1) = modulo12 (2 * f (1,1) - f (1,i))

f (i,j) = modulo12 (f (1,j) + f (i,1) - f (1,1))

modulo12 0 = 12

modulo12 12 = 12

modulo12 x = x `mod` 12

-- 2ª solución

-- ===========

matrizDodecafonica2 :: [Int] -> Matrix Int

matrizDodecafonica2 xs = fromLists (secuencias xs)

secuencias :: [Int] -> [[Int]]

secuencias xs = [secuencia a xs | a <- inversa xs]

inversa :: [Int] -> [Int]

inversa xs = map conv (map (\x -> (-x) + 2* (abs a)) xs)

where a = head xs

secuencia :: Int -> [Int] -> [Int]

secuencia n xs = [conv (a+(n-b)) | a <- xs]

where b = head xs

conv :: Int -> Int

conv n | n == 0 = 12

| n < 0 = conv (n+12)

| n > 11 = conv (mod n 12)

| otherwise = n

-- Propiedades

-- ===========

-- Las propiedades son

prop_dodecafonica :: Int -> Property

prop_dodecafonica n =

n >= 0 ==>

all esPermutacion (toLists d)

&& all (== d!(1,1)) [d!(i,i) | i <- [2..12]]

&& sum d == 936

where xss = permutations [1..12]

k = n `mod` product [1..12]

d = matrizDodecafonica (xss !! k)

esPermutacion ys = sort ys == [1..12]

-- La comprobación es

-- λ> quickCheck prop_dodecafonica

-- +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

Pensamiento

Como el olivar,
mucho fruto lleva,
poca sombra da.

Antonio Machado

Conjetura de las familias estables por uniones

PorJosé A. Alonso 5-abril-201925-abril-2021

La conjetura de las familias estables por uniones fue planteada por Péter Frankl en 1979 y aún sigue abierta.

La conjetura afirma que toda familia no vacía estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia.

Definir las funciones

   esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
   familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
   mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
   conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

tales que

(esEstable f) se verifica si la familia f es estable por uniones. Por ejemplo,

     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])
     True
     λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])
     False
     λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])
     True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [1..5]])

True

λ> esEstable (fromList [empty, fromList [1,7], fromList [1..5]])

False

λ> esEstable (fromList [fromList [1,2], singleton 3, fromList [1..3]])

True

(familiasEstables c) es el conjunto de las familias estables por uniones formadas por elementos del conjunto c. Por ejemplo,

     λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])
     fromList
       [ fromList []
       , fromList [fromList []]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],
         fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2]]
       , fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
       , fromList [fromList [2]]]
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))
     14
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))
     122
     λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))
     4960

λ> familiasEstables (fromList [1..2])

fromList

[ fromList []

, fromList [fromList []]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]],

fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2]]

, fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

, fromList [fromList [2]]]

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1,2]))

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..3]))

122

λ> size (familiasEstables (fromList [1..4]))

4960

(mayoritarios f) es la lista de elementos que pertenecen al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3]
     mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

1 2	mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) == [3] mayoritarios (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [4,5]]) == []

(conjeturaFrankl n) se verifica si para toda familia f formada por elementos del conjunto {1,2,…,n} no vacía, estable por uniones y distinta de {∅} posee algún elemento que pertenece al menos a la mitad de los conjuntos de f. Por ejemplo.

     conjeturaFrankl 2  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 3  ==  True
     conjeturaFrankl 4  ==  True

conjeturaFrankl 2 == True

conjeturaFrankl 3 == True

conjeturaFrankl 4 == True

Soluciones

import Data.Set  as S ( Set
                      , delete
                      , deleteFindMin
                      , empty
                      , filter
                      , fromList
                      , insert
                      , map
                      , member
                      , null
                      , singleton
                      , size
                      , toList
                      , union
                      , unions
                      )
import Data.List as L ( filter
                      , null
                      )

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool
esEstable xss =
  and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss
                                    , zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de
-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])
--    [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]
selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]
selecciones xs =
  [(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs] 

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familiasEstables xss =
  S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [fromList []]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2]]
--    fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]
--    fromList [fromList [2]]
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))
--    16
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    256
--    λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))
--    65536
familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))
familias c =
  subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))
--    fromList []
--    fromList [1]
--    fromList [1,2]
--    fromList [1,2,3]
--    fromList [1,3]
--    fromList [2]
--    fromList [2,3]
--    fromList [3]
subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)
subconjuntos c
  | S.null c  = singleton empty
  | otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr
  where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c
        sr     = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos
-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo, 
--    λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])
--    fromList [1,2,5]
elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a
elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los
-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0
--    nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1
nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int
nOcurrencias f x =
  length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]
mayoritarios f =
  [x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)
     , nOcurrencias f x >= n]
  where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl n =
  and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))
      | f <- fs
      , f /= fromList []
      , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))


-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool
conjeturaFrankl' n =
  [f | f <- fs
     , L.null (mayoritarios f)
     , f /= fromList []
     , f /= fromList [empty]]
  where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

100

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import Data.Set as S ( Set

, delete

, deleteFindMin

, empty

, filter

, fromList

, insert

, map

, member

, null

, singleton

, size

, toList

, union

, unions

)

import Data.List as L ( filter

, null

)

esEstable :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Bool

esEstable xss =

and [ys `S.union` zs `member` xss | (ys,yss) <- selecciones xss

, zs <- toList yss]

-- (seleccciones xs) es la lista de los pares formada por un elemento de

-- xs y los restantes elementos. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> selecciones (fromList [3,2,5])

-- [(2,fromList [3,5]),(3,fromList [2,5]),(5,fromList [2,3])]

selecciones :: Ord a => Set a -> [(a,Set a)]

selecciones xs =

[(x,delete x xs) | x <- toList xs]

familiasEstables :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familiasEstables xss =

S.filter esEstable (familias xss)

-- (familias c) es la familia formadas con elementos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [fromList []]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2]]

-- fromList [fromList [1,2],fromList [2]]

-- fromList [fromList [2]]

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2]))

-- 16

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- 256

-- λ> size (familias (fromList [1,2,3,4]))

-- 65536

familias :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set (Set a))

familias c =

subconjuntos (subconjuntos c)

-- (subconjuntos c) es el conjunto de los subconjuntos de c. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (subconjuntos (fromList [1,2,3]))

-- fromList []

-- fromList [1]

-- fromList [1,2]

-- fromList [1,2,3]

-- fromList [1,3]

-- fromList [2]

-- fromList [2,3]

-- fromList [3]

subconjuntos :: Ord a => Set a -> Set (Set a)

subconjuntos c

| S.null c = singleton empty

| otherwise = S.map (insert x) sr `union` sr

where (x,rc) = deleteFindMin c

sr = subconjuntos rc

-- (elementosFamilia f) es el conjunto de los elementos de los elementos

-- de la familia f. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> elementosFamilia (fromList [empty, fromList [1,2], fromList [2,5]])

-- fromList [1,2,5]

elementosFamilia :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> Set a

elementosFamilia = unions . toList

-- (nOcurrencias f x) es el número de conjuntos de la familia f a los

-- que pertenece el elemento x. Por ejemplo,

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 3 == 2

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 4 == 0

-- nOcurrencias (fromList [empty, fromList [1,3], fromList [3,5]]) 5 == 1

nOcurrencias :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> a -> Int

nOcurrencias f x =

length (L.filter (x `member`) (toList f))

mayoritarios :: Ord a => Set (Set a) -> [a]

mayoritarios f =

[x | x <- toList (elementosFamilia f)

, nOcurrencias f x >= n]

where n = (1 + size f) `div` 2

conjeturaFrankl :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl n =

and [ not (L.null (mayoritarios f))

| f <- fs

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

-- conjeturaFrankl' :: Int -> Bool

conjeturaFrankl' n =

[f | f <- fs

, L.null (mayoritarios f)

, f /= fromList []

, f /= fromList [empty]]

where fs = toList (familiasEstables (fromList [1..n]))

Pensamiento

Pero tampoco es razón
desdeñar
consejo que es confesión.

Antonio Machado

Matrices dispersas

PorJosé A. Alonso 19-febrero-201826-febrero-2018

Una matriz es dispersa si la mayoriá de sus elementos son ceros. Por ejemplo, la primera de las siguientes matrices es dispersa y la segunda no lo es

   ( 0 0 4 )   ( 0 1 4 )
   ( 0 5 0 )   ( 0 5 1 )
   ( 0 0 0 )

( 0 0 4 ) ( 0 1 4 )

( 0 5 0 ) ( 0 5 1 )

( 0 0 0 )

Usando la librería Data.Matrix, las anteriores matrices se pueden definir por

   ej1, ej2 :: Matrix Int
   ej1 = fromList 3 3 [0,0,4,0,5,0,0,0,0]
   ej2 = fromList 2 3 [0,1,4,0,5,1]

ej1, ej2 :: Matrix Int

ej1 = fromList 3 3 [0,0,4,0,5,0,0,0,0]

ej2 = fromList 2 3 [0,1,4,0,5,1]

La dispersión de una matriz es el cociente entre el número de ceros de la matriz y el producto de sus números de filas y de columnas.

Definir las siguientes funciones

   dispersion :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Double
   esDispersa :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Bool

1 2	dispersion :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Double esDispersa :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Bool

tales que

(dispersion p) es la dispersión de la matriz p. Por ejemplo,

     dispersion ej1              ==  0.7777777777777778
     dispersion ej2              ==  0.3333333333333333
     dispersion (fmap (+1) ej1)  ==  0.0
     dispersion (identity 3)     ==  0.6666666666666666
     dispersion (zero 9 9)       ==  1.0

dispersion ej1 == 0.7777777777777778

dispersion ej2 == 0.3333333333333333

dispersion (fmap (+1) ej1) == 0.0

dispersion (identity 3) == 0.6666666666666666

dispersion (zero 9 9) == 1.0

(esDispersa p) se verifica si la matriz p es dispersa. Por ejemplo,

     esDispersa ej1              ==  True
     esDispersa ej2              ==  False
     esDispersa (fmap (+1) ej1)  ==  False
     esDispersa (identity 3)     ==  True
     esDispersa (zero 9 9)       ==  True

esDispersa ej1 == True

esDispersa ej2 == False

esDispersa (fmap (+1) ej1) == False

esDispersa (identity 3) == True

esDispersa (zero 9 9) == True

Soluciones

import Data.Matrix (Matrix, fromList, nrows, ncols, toList)

ej1, ej2 :: Matrix Int
ej1 = fromList 3 3 [0,0,4,0,5,0,0,0,0]
ej2 = fromList 2 3 [0,1,4,0,5,1]

dispersion :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Double
dispersion p =
  fi nCeros / (fi nrows * fi ncols)
  where fi f = (fromIntegral . f) p

-- (nCeros p) es el número de ceros de la matriz p. Por ejemplo,
--    nCeros ej1  ==  7
--    nCeros ej2  ==  2
nCeros :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Int
nCeros p = length (filter (== 0) (toList p))

-- La función anterior se puede definir sin argumentos:
nCeros2 :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Int
nCeros2 = length . filter (== 0) . toList

esDispersa :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Bool
esDispersa p = dispersion p > 0.5

-- La función anterior se puede definir sin argumentos:
esDispersa2 :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Bool
esDispersa2 = (> 0.5) . dispersion

import Data.Matrix (Matrix, fromList, nrows, ncols, toList)

ej1, ej2 :: Matrix Int

ej1 = fromList 3 3 [0,0,4,0,5,0,0,0,0]

ej2 = fromList 2 3 [0,1,4,0,5,1]

dispersion :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Double

dispersion p =

fi nCeros / (fi nrows * fi ncols)

where fi f = (fromIntegral . f) p

-- (nCeros p) es el número de ceros de la matriz p. Por ejemplo,

-- nCeros ej1 == 7

-- nCeros ej2 == 2

nCeros :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Int

nCeros p = length (filter (== 0) (toList p))

-- La función anterior se puede definir sin argumentos:

nCeros2 :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Int

nCeros2 = length . filter (== 0) . toList

esDispersa :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Bool

esDispersa p = dispersion p > 0.5

-- La función anterior se puede definir sin argumentos:

esDispersa2 :: (Num a, Eq a) => Matrix a -> Bool

esDispersa2 = (> 0.5) . dispersion

Distancias entre primos consecutivos

PorJosé A. Alonso 4-abril-201711-abril-2017

Los 15 primeros números primos son

   2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47

1	2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47

Las distancias entre los elementos consecutivos son

   1, 2, 2, 4, 2,  4,  2,  4,  6,  2,  6,  4,  2,  4

1	1, 2, 2, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 2, 4

La distribución de las distancias es

   (1,1), (2,6), (4,5), (6,2)

1	(1,1), (2,6), (4,5), (6,2)

(es decir, el 1 aparece una vez, el 2 aparece 6 veces, etc.) La frecuencia de las distancias es

   (1,7.142857), (2,42.857143), (4,35.714287), (6,14.285714)

1	(1,7.142857), (2,42.857143), (4,35.714287), (6,14.285714)

(es decir, el 1 aparece el 7.142857%, el 2 el 42.857143% etc.)

Definir las funciones

  cuentaDistancias        :: Int -> [(Int,Int)]
  frecuenciasDistancias   :: Int -> [(Int,Float)]
  graficas                :: [Int] -> IO ()
  distanciasMasFrecuentes :: Int -> [Int]

cuentaDistancias :: Int -> [(Int,Int)]

frecuenciasDistancias :: Int -> [(Int,Float)]

graficas :: [Int] -> IO ()

distanciasMasFrecuentes :: Int -> [Int]

tales que

(cuentaDistancias n) es la distribución de distancias entre los n primeros primos consecutivos. Por ejemplo,

     λ> cuentaDistancias 15
     [(1,1),(2,6),(4,5),(6,2)]
     λ> cuentaDistancias 100
     [(1,1),(2,25),(4,26),(6,25),(8,7),(10,7),(12,4),(14,3),(18,1)]

λ> cuentaDistancias 15

[(1,1),(2,6),(4,5),(6,2)]

λ> cuentaDistancias 100

[(1,1),(2,25),(4,26),(6,25),(8,7),(10,7),(12,4),(14,3),(18,1)]

(frecuenciasDistancias n) es la frecuencia de distancias entre los n primeros primos consecutivos. Por ejemplo,

     λ> frecuenciasDistancias 15
     [(1,7.142857),(2,42.857143),(4,35.714287),(6,14.285714)]
     λ> frecuenciasDistancias 30
     [(1,3.4482758),(2,34.482758),(4,34.482758),(6,24.137932),(8,3.4482758)]

λ> frecuenciasDistancias 15

[(1,7.142857),(2,42.857143),(4,35.714287),(6,14.285714)]

λ> frecuenciasDistancias 30

[(1,3.4482758),(2,34.482758),(4,34.482758),(6,24.137932),(8,3.4482758)]

(graficas ns) dibuja las gráficas de (frecuenciasDistancias k) para k en ns. Por ejemplo, (graficas [10,20,30]) dibuja

(graficas [1000,2000,3000]) dibuja

y (graficas [100000,200000,300000]) dibuja
(distanciasMasFrecuentes n) es la lista de las distancias más frecuentes entre los elementos consecutivos de la lista de los n primeros primos. Por ejemplo,

     distanciasMasFrecuentes 15     ==  [2]
     distanciasMasFrecuentes 26     ==  [2,4]
     distanciasMasFrecuentes 32     ==  [4]
     distanciasMasFrecuentes 41     ==  [2,4,6]
     distanciasMasFrecuentes 77     ==  [6]
     distanciasMasFrecuentes 160    ==  [4,6]
     distanciasMasFrecuentes (10^6) == [6]

distanciasMasFrecuentes 15 == [2]

distanciasMasFrecuentes 26 == [2,4]

distanciasMasFrecuentes 32 == [4]

distanciasMasFrecuentes 41 == [2,4,6]

distanciasMasFrecuentes 77 == [6]

distanciasMasFrecuentes 160 == [4,6]

distanciasMasFrecuentes (10^6) == [6]

Comprobar con QuickCheck si para todo n > 160 se verifica que (distanciasMasFrecuentes n) es [6].

Soluciones

import Data.Numbers.Primes
import qualified Data.Map as M 
import Graphics.Gnuplot.Simple
import Test.QuickCheck

cuentaDistancias :: Int -> [(Int,Int)]
cuentaDistancias = M.toList . dicDistancias

dicDistancias :: Int -> M.Map Int Int
dicDistancias n =
  M.fromListWith (+) (zip (distancias n) (repeat 1))

distancias :: Int -> [Int]
distancias n =
  zipWith (-) (tail xs) xs
  where xs = take n primes

frecuenciasDistancias :: Int -> [(Int,Float)]
frecuenciasDistancias n =
  [(k,(100 * fromIntegral x) / n1) | (k,x) <- cuentaDistancias n]
  where n1 = fromIntegral (n-1)

graficas :: [Int] -> IO ()
graficas ns =
  plotLists [Key Nothing]
            (map frecuenciasDistancias ns)

distanciasMasFrecuentes :: Int -> [Int]
distanciasMasFrecuentes n =
  M.keys (M.filter (==m) d)
  where d = dicDistancias n
        m = maximum (M.elems d)

-- La propiedad es
prop_distanciasMasFrecuentes :: Int -> Bool
prop_distanciasMasFrecuentes n =
  distanciasMasFrecuentes (161 + abs n) == [6]

import Data.Numbers.Primes

import qualified Data.Map as M

import Graphics.Gnuplot.Simple

import Test.QuickCheck

cuentaDistancias :: Int -> [(Int,Int)]

cuentaDistancias = M.toList . dicDistancias

dicDistancias :: Int -> M.Map Int Int

dicDistancias n =

M.fromListWith (+) (zip (distancias n) (repeat 1))

distancias :: Int -> [Int]

distancias n =

zipWith (-) (tail xs) xs

where xs = take n primes

frecuenciasDistancias :: Int -> [(Int,Float)]

frecuenciasDistancias n =

[(k,(100 * fromIntegral x) / n1) | (k,x) <- cuentaDistancias n]

where n1 = fromIntegral (n-1)

graficas :: [Int] -> IO ()

graficas ns =

plotLists [Key Nothing]

(map frecuenciasDistancias ns)

distanciasMasFrecuentes :: Int -> [Int]

distanciasMasFrecuentes n =

M.keys (M.filter (==m) d)

where d = dicDistancias n

m = maximum (M.elems d)

-- La propiedad es

prop_distanciasMasFrecuentes :: Int -> Bool

prop_distanciasMasFrecuentes n =

distanciasMasFrecuentes (161 + abs n) == [6]

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