L.exact – Calculemus

Asociatividad de la concatenación de listas

PorJosé A. Alonso 8 septiembre 20218 septiembre 2021

En Lean la operación de concatenación de listas se representa por (++) y está caracterizada por los siguientes lemas

   nil_append  : [] ++ ys = ys
   cons_append : (x :: xs) ++ y = x :: (xs ++ ys)

1 2	nil_append : [] ++ ys = ys cons_append : (x :: xs) ++ y = x :: (xs ++ ys)

Demostrar que la concatenación es asociativa; es decir,

   xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs

1	xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import data.list.basic
import tactic
open list

variable  {α : Type}
variable  (x : α)
variables (xs ys zs : list α)

example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
sorry

import data.list.basic

import tactic

open list

variable {α : Type}

variable (x : α)

variables (xs ys zs : list α)

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import data.list.basic
import tactic
open list

variable  {α : Type}
variable  (x : α)
variables (xs ys zs : list α)

-- 1ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = ys ++ zs                : append.equations._eqn_1 (ys ++ zs)
     ... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs        : congr_arg2 (++) (append.equations._eqn_1 ys) rfl, },
  { calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : append.equations._eqn_2 a as (ys ++ zs)
     ... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : congr_arg2 (::) rfl HI
     ... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : (append.equations._eqn_2 a (as ++ ys) zs).symm
     ... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : congr_arg2 (++) (append.equations._eqn_2 a as ys).symm rfl, },
end

-- 2ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = ys ++ zs                : nil_append (ys ++ zs)
     ... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs        : congr_arg2 (++) (nil_append ys) rfl, },
  { calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : cons_append a as (ys ++ zs)
     ... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : congr_arg2 (::) rfl HI
     ... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : (cons_append a (as ++ ys) zs).symm
     ... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : congr_arg2 (++) (cons_append a as ys).symm rfl, },
end

-- 3ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = ys ++ zs                : by rw nil_append
     ... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs        : by rw nil_append, },
  { calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by rw cons_append
     ... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw HI
     ... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by rw cons_append
     ... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw ← cons_append, },
end

-- 4ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = ys ++ zs                : rfl
     ... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs        : rfl, },
  { calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : rfl
     ... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw HI
     ... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : rfl
     ... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : rfl, },
end

-- 5ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = ys ++ zs                : by simp
     ... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs        : by simp, },
  { calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)
         = a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by simp
     ... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : congr_arg (cons a) HI
     ... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by simp
     ... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by simp, },
end

-- 6ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { by simp, },
  { by exact (cons_inj a).mpr HI, },
end

-- 7ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { rw nil_append,
    rw nil_append, },
  { rw cons_append,
    rw HI,
    rw cons_append,
    rw cons_append, },
end

-- 8ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
list.rec_on xs
  ( show [] ++ (ys ++ zs) = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs,
      from calc
        [] ++ (ys ++ zs)
            = ys ++ zs         : by rw nil_append
        ... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw nil_append )
  ( assume a as,
    assume HI : as ++ (ys ++ zs) = (as ++ ys) ++ zs,
    show (a :: as) ++ (ys  ++ zs) = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs,
      from calc
        (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)
            = a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by rw cons_append
        ... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw HI
        ... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by rw cons_append
        ... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw ← cons_append)

-- 9ª demostración
example :
  xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=
list.rec_on xs
  (by simp)
  (by simp [*])

-- 10ª demostración
lemma conc_asoc_1 :
  ∀ xs, xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs
| [] := by calc
    [] ++ (ys ++ zs)
        = ys ++ zs         : by rw nil_append
    ... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw nil_append
| (a :: as) := by calc
    (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)
        = a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by rw cons_append
    ... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw conc_asoc_1
    ... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by rw cons_append
    ... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw ← cons_append

-- 11ª demostración
example :
  (xs ++ ys) ++ zs = xs ++ (ys ++ zs) :=
-- by library_search
append_assoc xs ys zs

-- 12ª demostración
example :
  (xs ++ ys) ++ zs = xs ++ (ys ++ zs) :=
by induction xs ; simp [*]

-- 13ª demostración
example :
  (xs ++ ys) ++ zs = xs ++ (ys ++ zs) :=
by simp

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import data.list.basic

import tactic

open list

variable {α : Type}

variable (x : α)

variables (xs ys zs : list α)

-- 1ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

begin

induction xs with a as HI,

{ calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)

= ys ++ zs : append.equations._eqn_1 (ys ++ zs)

... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : congr_arg2 (++) (append.equations._eqn_1 ys) rfl, },

{ calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)

= a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : append.equations._eqn_2 a as (ys ++ zs)

... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : congr_arg2 (::) rfl HI

... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : (append.equations._eqn_2 a (as ++ ys) zs).symm

... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : congr_arg2 (++) (append.equations._eqn_2 a as ys).symm rfl, },

end

-- 2ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

begin

induction xs with a as HI,

{ calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)

= ys ++ zs : nil_append (ys ++ zs)

... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : congr_arg2 (++) (nil_append ys) rfl, },

{ calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)

= a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : cons_append a as (ys ++ zs)

... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : congr_arg2 (::) rfl HI

... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : (cons_append a (as ++ ys) zs).symm

... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : congr_arg2 (++) (cons_append a as ys).symm rfl, },

end

-- 3ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

begin

induction xs with a as HI,

{ calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)

= ys ++ zs : by rw nil_append

... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw nil_append, },

{ calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)

= a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by rw cons_append

... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw HI

... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by rw cons_append

... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw ← cons_append, },

end

-- 4ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

begin

induction xs with a as HI,

{ calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)

= ys ++ zs : rfl

... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : rfl, },

{ calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)

= a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : rfl

... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw HI

... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : rfl

... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : rfl, },

end

-- 5ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

begin

induction xs with a as HI,

{ calc [] ++ (ys ++ zs)

= ys ++ zs : by simp

... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : by simp, },

{ calc (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)

= a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by simp

... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : congr_arg (cons a) HI

... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by simp

... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by simp, },

end

-- 6ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

begin

induction xs with a as HI,

{ by simp, },

{ by exact (cons_inj a).mpr HI, },

end

-- 7ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

begin

induction xs with a as HI,

{ rw nil_append,

rw nil_append, },

{ rw cons_append,

rw HI,

rw cons_append,

rw cons_append, },

end

-- 8ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

list.rec_on xs

( show [] ++ (ys ++ zs) = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs,

from calc

[] ++ (ys ++ zs)

= ys ++ zs : by rw nil_append

... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw nil_append )

( assume a as,

assume HI : as ++ (ys ++ zs) = (as ++ ys) ++ zs,

show (a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs) = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs,

from calc

(a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)

= a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by rw cons_append

... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw HI

... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by rw cons_append

... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw ← cons_append)

-- 9ª demostración

example :

xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs :=

list.rec_on xs

(by simp)

(by simp [*])

-- 10ª demostración

lemma conc_asoc_1 :

∀ xs, xs ++ (ys ++ zs) = (xs ++ ys) ++ zs

| [] := by calc

[] ++ (ys ++ zs)

= ys ++ zs : by rw nil_append

... = ([] ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw nil_append

| (a :: as) := by calc

(a :: as) ++ (ys ++ zs)

= a :: (as ++ (ys ++ zs)) : by rw cons_append

... = a :: ((as ++ ys) ++ zs) : by rw conc_asoc_1

... = (a :: (as ++ ys)) ++ zs : by rw cons_append

... = ((a :: as) ++ ys) ++ zs : by rw ← cons_append

-- 11ª demostración

example :

(xs ++ ys) ++ zs = xs ++ (ys ++ zs) :=

-- by library_search

append_assoc xs ys zs

-- 12ª demostración

example :

(xs ++ ys) ++ zs = xs ++ (ys ++ zs) :=

by induction xs ; simp [*]

-- 13ª demostración

example :

(xs ++ ys) ++ zs = xs ++ (ys ++ zs) :=

by simp

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory Asociatividad_de_la_concatenacion_de_listas
imports Main
begin

(* 1ª demostración *)
lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
proof (induct xs)
  have "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ys @ zs"
    by (simp only: append_Nil)
  also have "… = ([] @ ys) @ zs"
    by (simp only: append_Nil)
  finally show "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ([] @ ys) @ zs"
    by this
next
  fix x xs
  assume HI : "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
  have "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = x # (xs @ (ys @ zs))"
    by (simp only: append_Cons)
  also have "… = x # ((xs @ ys) @ zs)"
    by (simp only: HI)
  also have "… = (x # (xs @ ys)) @ zs"
    by (simp only: append_Cons)
  also have "… = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs"
    by (simp only: append_Cons)
  finally show "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs"
    by this
qed

(* 2ª demostración *)
lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
proof (induct xs)
  have "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ys @ zs" by simp
  also have "… = ([] @ ys) @ zs" by simp
  finally show "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ([] @ ys) @ zs" .
next
  fix x xs
  assume HI : "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
  have "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = x # (xs @ (ys @ zs))" by simp
  also have "… = x # ((xs @ ys) @ zs)" by simp
  also have "… = (x # (xs @ ys)) @ zs" by simp
  also have "… = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs" by simp
  finally show "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs" .
qed

(* 3ª demostración *)
lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
proof (induct xs)
  show "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ([] @ ys) @ zs" by simp
next
  fix x xs
  assume "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
  then show "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs" by simp
qed

(* 4ª demostración *)
lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons a xs)
  then show ?case by simp
qed

(* 5ª demostración *)
lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
  by (rule append_assoc [symmetric])

(* 6ª demostración *)
lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
  by (induct xs) simp_all

(* 7ª demostración *)
lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"
  by simp

end

theory Asociatividad_de_la_concatenacion_de_listas

imports Main

begin

(* 1ª demostración *)

lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

proof (induct xs)

have "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ys @ zs"

by (simp only: append_Nil)

also have "… = ([] @ ys) @ zs"

by (simp only: append_Nil)

finally show "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ([] @ ys) @ zs"

by this

fix x xs

assume HI : "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

have "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = x # (xs @ (ys @ zs))"

by (simp only: append_Cons)

also have "… = x # ((xs @ ys) @ zs)"

by (simp only: HI)

also have "… = (x # (xs @ ys)) @ zs"

by (simp only: append_Cons)

also have "… = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs"

by (simp only: append_Cons)

finally show "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs"

by this

qed

(* 2ª demostración *)

lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

proof (induct xs)

have "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ys @ zs" by simp

also have "… = ([] @ ys) @ zs" by simp

finally show "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ([] @ ys) @ zs" .

fix x xs

assume HI : "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

have "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = x # (xs @ (ys @ zs))" by simp

also have "… = x # ((xs @ ys) @ zs)" by simp

also have "… = (x # (xs @ ys)) @ zs" by simp

also have "… = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs" by simp

finally show "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs" .

qed

(* 3ª demostración *)

lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

proof (induct xs)

show "[] @ (ys @ zs) = ([] @ ys) @ zs" by simp

fix x xs

assume "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

then show "(x # xs) @ (ys @ zs) = ((x # xs) @ ys) @ zs" by simp

qed

(* 4ª demostración *)

lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

proof (induct xs)

case Nil

then show ?case by simp

case (Cons a xs)

then show ?case by simp

qed

(* 5ª demostración *)

lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

by (rule append_assoc [symmetric])

(* 6ª demostración *)

lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

by (induct xs) simp_all

(* 7ª demostración *)

lemma "xs @ (ys @ zs) = (xs @ ys) @ zs"

by simp

end

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="isar"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

Si a es un punto de acumulación de la sucesión de Cauchy u, entonces a es el límite de u

PorJosé A. Alonso 4 septiembre 202130 agosto 2021

En Lean, una sucesión u₀, u₁, u₂, … se puede representar mediante una función (u : ℕ → ℝ) de forma que u(n) es uₙ.

Para extraer una subsucesión se aplica una función de extracción queconserva el orden; por ejemplo, la subsucesión

   uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

1	uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

se ha obtenido con la función de extracción φ tal que φ(n) = 2*n.

En Lean, se puede definir que φ es una función de extracción por

   def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
     ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

1 2	def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) := ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

que a es un límite de u por

   def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
     ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

1 2	def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) := ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, \|u k - a\| < ε

que a es un punto de acumulación de u por

   def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
     ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

1 2	def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) := ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

que la sucesión u es de Cauchy por

   def suc_cauchy (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
     ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ p ≥ N, ∀ q ≥ N, |u p - u q| < ε

1 2	def suc_cauchy (u : ℕ → ℝ) := ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ p ≥ N, ∀ q ≥ N, \|u p - u q\| < ε

Demostrar que si u es una sucesión de Cauchy y a es un punto de acumulación de u, entonces a es el límite de u.

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import data.real.basic
open nat

variable  {u : ℕ → ℝ}
variables {a : ℝ}
variable  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (l : ℝ) : Prop :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ n ≥ N, |u n - l| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

def suc_cauchy (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ p ≥ N, ∀ q ≥ N, |u p - u q| < ε

example
  (hu : suc_cauchy u)
  (ha : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : limite u a :=
sorry

import data.real.basic

open nat

variable {u : ℕ → ℝ}

variables {a : ℝ}

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (l : ℝ) : Prop :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ n ≥ N, |u n - l| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

def suc_cauchy (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ p ≥ N, ∀ q ≥ N, |u p - u q| < ε

example

(hu : suc_cauchy u)

(ha : punto_acumulacion u a)

: limite u a :=

sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import data.real.basic
open nat

variable  {u : ℕ → ℝ}
variables {a : ℝ}
variable  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (l : ℝ) : Prop :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ n ≥ N, |u n - l| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

def suc_cauchy (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ p ≥ N, ∀ q ≥ N, |u p - u q| < ε

lemma aux1
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=
begin
  intro n,
  induction n with m HI,
  { exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },
  { apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,
    calc m ≤ φ m        : HI
       ... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },
end

lemma aux2
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
λ N N', ⟨max N N', ⟨le_max_right N N',
                    le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                             (aux1 h (max N N'))⟩⟩

lemma cerca_acumulacion
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
begin
  intros ε hε N,
  rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',
  rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,
  exact ⟨φ m, hm', hN' _ hm⟩,
end

-- 1ª demostración
example
  (hu : suc_cauchy u)
  (ha : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : limite u a :=
begin
  unfold limite,
  intros ε hε,
  unfold suc_cauchy at hu,
  cases hu (ε/2) (half_pos hε) with N hN,
  use N,
  have ha' : ∃ N' ≥ N, |u N' - a| < ε/2,
    apply cerca_acumulacion ha (ε/2) (half_pos hε),
  cases ha' with N' h,
  cases h with hNN' hN',
  intros n hn,
  calc   |u n - a|
       = |(u n - u N') + (u N' - a)| : by ring_nf
   ... ≤ |u n - u N'| + |u N' - a|   : abs_add (u n - u N') (u N' - a)
   ... < ε/2 + |u N' - a|            : add_lt_add_right (hN n hn N' hNN') _
   ... < ε/2 + ε/2                   : add_lt_add_left hN' (ε / 2)
   ... = ε                           : add_halves ε
end

-- 2ª demostración
example
  (hu : suc_cauchy u)
  (ha : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : limite u a :=
begin
  intros ε hε,
  cases hu (ε/2) (by linarith) with N hN,
  use N,
  have ha' : ∃ N' ≥ N, |u N' - a| < ε/2,
    apply cerca_acumulacion ha (ε/2) (by linarith),
  rcases ha' with ⟨N', hNN', hN'⟩,
  intros n hn,
  calc  |u n - a|
      = |(u n - u N') + (u N' - a)| : by ring_nf
  ... ≤ |u n - u N'| + |u N' - a|   : by simp [abs_add]
  ... < ε                           : by linarith [hN n hn N' hNN'],
end

import data.real.basic

open nat

variable {u : ℕ → ℝ}

variables {a : ℝ}

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (l : ℝ) : Prop :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ n ≥ N, |u n - l| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

def suc_cauchy (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ p ≥ N, ∀ q ≥ N, |u p - u q| < ε

lemma aux1

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=

begin

intro n,

induction n with m HI,

{ exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },

{ apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,

calc m ≤ φ m : HI

... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },

end

lemma aux2

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

λ N N', ⟨max N N', ⟨le_max_right N N',

le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux1 h (max N N'))⟩⟩

lemma cerca_acumulacion

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

begin

intros ε hε N,

rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',

rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,

exact ⟨φ m, hm', hN' _ hm⟩,

end

-- 1ª demostración

example

(hu : suc_cauchy u)

(ha : punto_acumulacion u a)

: limite u a :=

begin

unfold limite,

intros ε hε,

unfold suc_cauchy at hu,

cases hu (ε/2) (half_pos hε) with N hN,

use N,

have ha' : ∃ N' ≥ N, |u N' - a| < ε/2,

apply cerca_acumulacion ha (ε/2) (half_pos hε),

cases ha' with N' h,

cases h with hNN' hN',

intros n hn,

calc |u n - a|

= |(u n - u N') + (u N' - a)| : by ring_nf

... ≤ |u n - u N'| + |u N' - a| : abs_add (u n - u N') (u N' - a)

... < ε/2 + |u N' - a| : add_lt_add_right (hN n hn N' hNN') _

... < ε/2 + ε/2 : add_lt_add_left hN' (ε / 2)

... = ε : add_halves ε

end

-- 2ª demostración

example

(hu : suc_cauchy u)

(ha : punto_acumulacion u a)

: limite u a :=

begin

intros ε hε,

cases hu (ε/2) (by linarith) with N hN,

use N,

have ha' : ∃ N' ≥ N, |u N' - a| < ε/2,

apply cerca_acumulacion ha (ε/2) (by linarith),

rcases ha' with ⟨N', hNN', hN'⟩,

intros n hn,

calc |u n - a|

= |(u n - u N') + (u N' - a)| : by ring_nf

... ≤ |u n - u N'| + |u N' - a| : by simp [abs_add]

... < ε : by linarith [hN n hn N' hNN'],

end

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory "Si_a_es_un_punto_de_acumulacion_de_la_sucesion_de_Cauchy_u,_entonces_a_es_el_limite_de_u"
imports Main HOL.Real
begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where
  "extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"
  where "limite u a ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε)"

definition punto_acumulacion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"
  where "punto_acumulacion u a ⟷ (∃φ. extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a)"

definition suc_cauchy :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool"
  where "suc_cauchy u ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃k. ∀m≥k. ∀n≥k. ¦u m - u n¦ < ε)"

(* Lemas auxiliares *)

lemma aux1 :
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "n ≤ φ n"
proof (induct n)
  show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp
next
  fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"
  then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"
    using assms extraccion_def
    by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)
qed

lemma aux2 :
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "∀ N N'. ∃ k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
proof (intro allI)
  fix N N' :: nat
  have "max N N' ≥ N' ∧ φ (max N N') ≥ N"
    by (meson assms aux1 max.bounded_iff max.cobounded2)
  then show "∃k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
    by blast
qed

lemma cerca_acumulacion :
  assumes "punto_acumulacion u a"
  shows   "∀ε>0. ∀ N. ∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
proof (intro allI impI)
  fix ε :: real and N :: nat
  assume "ε > 0"
  obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ"
             and hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"
    using assms punto_acumulacion_def by blast
  obtain N' where hN' : "∀k≥N'. ¦(u ∘ φ) k - a¦ < ε"
    using hφ2 limite_def ‹ε > 0› by auto
  obtain m where "m ≥ N' ∧ φ m ≥ N"
    using aux2 hφ1 by blast
  then show "∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
    using hN' by auto
qed

(* Demostración *)
lemma
  assumes "suc_cauchy u"
          "punto_acumulacion u a"
  shows   "limite u a"
proof (unfold limite_def; intro allI impI)
  fix ε :: real
  assume "ε > 0"
  then have "ε/2 > 0"
    by simp
  then obtain N where hN : "∀m≥N. ∀n≥N. ¦u m - u n¦ < ε/2"
    using assms(1) suc_cauchy_def
    by blast
  have "∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
  proof (intro allI impI)
    fix k
    assume hk : "k ≥ N"
    obtain N' where hN'1 : "N' ≥ N" and
                    hN'2 : "¦u N' - a¦ < ε/2"
      using assms(2) cerca_acumulacion ‹ε/2 > 0› by blast
    have "¦u k - a¦ = ¦(u k - u N') + (u N'  - a)¦"
      by simp
    also have "… ≤ ¦u k - u N'¦ + ¦u N'  - a¦"
      by simp
    also have "… < ε/2 + ¦u N'  - a¦"
      using hk hN hN'1 by auto
    also have "… < ε/2 + ε/2"
      using hN'2 by auto
    also have "… = ε"
      by simp
    finally show "¦u k - a¦ < ε" .
  qed
  then show "∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
    by auto
qed

end

theory "Si_a_es_un_punto_de_acumulacion_de_la_sucesion_de_Cauchy_u,_entonces_a_es_el_limite_de_u"

imports Main HOL.Real

begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where

"extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"

where "limite u a ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε)"

definition punto_acumulacion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"

where "punto_acumulacion u a ⟷ (∃φ. extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a)"

definition suc_cauchy :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool"

where "suc_cauchy u ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃k. ∀m≥k. ∀n≥k. ¦u m - u n¦ < ε)"

(* Lemas auxiliares *)

lemma aux1 :

assumes "extraccion φ"

shows "n ≤ φ n"

proof (induct n)

show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp

fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"

then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"

using assms extraccion_def

by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)

qed

lemma aux2 :

assumes "extraccion φ"

shows "∀ N N'. ∃ k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"

proof (intro allI)

fix N N' :: nat

have "max N N' ≥ N' ∧ φ (max N N') ≥ N"

by (meson assms aux1 max.bounded_iff max.cobounded2)

then show "∃k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"

by blast

qed

lemma cerca_acumulacion :

assumes "punto_acumulacion u a"

shows "∀ε>0. ∀ N. ∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

proof (intro allI impI)

fix ε :: real and N :: nat

assume "ε > 0"

obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ"

and hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"

using assms punto_acumulacion_def by blast

obtain N' where hN' : "∀k≥N'. ¦(u ∘ φ) k - a¦ < ε"

using hφ2 limite_def ‹ε > 0› by auto

obtain m where "m ≥ N' ∧ φ m ≥ N"

using aux2 hφ1 by blast

then show "∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

using hN' by auto

qed

(* Demostración *)

lemma

assumes "suc_cauchy u"

"punto_acumulacion u a"

shows "limite u a"

proof (unfold limite_def; intro allI impI)

fix ε :: real

assume "ε > 0"

then have "ε/2 > 0"

by simp

then obtain N where hN : "∀m≥N. ∀n≥N. ¦u m - u n¦ < ε/2"

using assms(1) suc_cauchy_def

by blast

have "∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

proof (intro allI impI)

fix k

assume hk : "k ≥ N"

obtain N' where hN'1 : "N' ≥ N" and

hN'2 : "¦u N' - a¦ < ε/2"

using assms(2) cerca_acumulacion ‹ε/2 > 0› by blast

have "¦u k - a¦ = ¦(u k - u N') + (u N' - a)¦"

by simp

also have "… ≤ ¦u k - u N'¦ + ¦u N' - a¦"

by simp

also have "… < ε/2 + ¦u N' - a¦"

using hk hN hN'1 by auto

also have "… < ε/2 + ε/2"

using hN'2 by auto

also have "… = ε"

by simp

finally show "¦u k - a¦ < ε" .

qed

then show "∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

by auto

qed

end

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="isar"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

El punto de acumulación de las sucesiones convergente es su límite

PorJosé A. Alonso 2 septiembre 202128 agosto 2021

Para extraer una subsucesión se aplica una función de extracción que conserva el orden; por ejemplo, la subsucesión

   uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

1	uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

se ha obtenido con la función de extracción φ tal que φ(n) = 2*n.

En Lean, se puede definir que φ es una función de extracción por

   def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
     ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

1 2	def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) := ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

que a es un límite de u por

   def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
     ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

1 2	def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) := ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, \|u k - a\| < ε

que u es convergente por

   def convergente (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
     ∃ a, limite u a

1 2	def convergente (u : ℕ → ℝ) := ∃ a, limite u a

que a es un punto de acumulación de u por

   def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
     ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

1 2	def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) := ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

Demostrar que si u es una sucesión convergente y a es un punto de acumulación de u, entonces a es un límite de u.

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import data.real.basic
open nat

variable  {u : ℕ → ℝ}
variables {a : ℝ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def convergente (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
  ∃ a, limite u a

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

example
  (hu : convergente u)
  (ha : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : limite u a :=
sorry

import data.real.basic

open nat

variable {u : ℕ → ℝ}

variables {a : ℝ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def convergente (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=

∃ a, limite u a

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

example

(hu : convergente u)

(ha : punto_acumulacion u a)

: limite u a :=

sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import data.real.basic
open nat

variable  {u : ℕ → ℝ}
variables {a : ℝ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def convergente (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
  ∃ a, limite u a

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

-- Lemas auxiliares
-- ================

lemma unicidad_limite_aux
  {a b: ℝ}
  (ha : limite u a)
  (hb : limite u b)
  : b ≤ a :=
begin
  by_contra h,
  set ε := b - a with hε,
  cases ha (ε/2) (by linarith) with A hA,
  cases hb (ε/2) (by linarith) with B hB,
  set N := max A B with hN,
  have hAN : A ≤ N := le_max_left A B,
  have hBN : B ≤ N := le_max_right A B,
  specialize hA N hAN,
  specialize hB N hBN,
  rw abs_lt at hA hB,
  linarith,
end

lemma unicidad_limite
  {a b: ℝ}
  (ha : limite u a)
  (hb : limite u b)
  : a = b :=
le_antisymm (unicidad_limite_aux hb ha)
            (unicidad_limite_aux ha hb)

lemma limite_subsucesion_aux
  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=
begin
  intro n,
  induction n with m HI,
  { exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },
  { apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,
    calc m ≤ φ m        : HI
       ... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },
end

lemma limite_subsucesion
  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}
  {a : ℝ}
  (h : limite u a)
  (hφ : extraccion φ)
  : limite (u ∘ φ) a :=
begin
  intros ε hε,
  cases h ε hε with N hN,
  use N,
  intros k hk,
  calc |(u ∘ φ) k - a|
       = |u (φ k) - a| : rfl
   ... < ε             : hN (φ k) _,
  calc φ k
       ≥ k : limite_subsucesion_aux hφ k
   ... ≥ N : hk,
end

-- 1ª demostración
example
  (hu : convergente u)
  (ha : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : limite u a :=
begin
  unfold convergente at hu,
  cases hu with b hb,
  convert hb,
  unfold punto_acumulacion at ha,
  rcases ha with ⟨φ, hφ₁, hφ₂⟩,
  have hφ₃ : limite (u ∘ φ) b,
    from limite_subsucesion hb hφ₁,
  exact unicidad_limite hφ₂ hφ₃,
end

-- 1ª demostración
example
  (hu : convergente u)
  (ha : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : limite u a :=
begin
  cases hu with b hb,
  convert hb,
  rcases ha with ⟨φ, hφ₁, hφ₂⟩,
  apply unicidad_limite hφ₂ _,
  exact limite_subsucesion hb hφ₁,
end

-- 2ª demostración
example
  (hu : convergente u)
  (ha : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : limite u a :=
begin
  cases hu with b hb,
  convert hb,
  rcases ha with ⟨φ, hφ₁, hφ₂⟩,
  exact unicidad_limite hφ₂ (limite_subsucesion hb hφ₁),
end

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import data.real.basic

open nat

variable {u : ℕ → ℝ}

variables {a : ℝ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def convergente (u : ℕ → ℝ) :=

∃ a, limite u a

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

-- Lemas auxiliares

-- ================

lemma unicidad_limite_aux

{a b: ℝ}

(ha : limite u a)

(hb : limite u b)

: b ≤ a :=

begin

by_contra h,

set ε := b - a with hε,

cases ha (ε/2) (by linarith) with A hA,

cases hb (ε/2) (by linarith) with B hB,

set N := max A B with hN,

have hAN : A ≤ N := le_max_left A B,

have hBN : B ≤ N := le_max_right A B,

specialize hA N hAN,

specialize hB N hBN,

rw abs_lt at hA hB,

linarith,

end

lemma unicidad_limite

{a b: ℝ}

(ha : limite u a)

(hb : limite u b)

: a = b :=

le_antisymm (unicidad_limite_aux hb ha)

(unicidad_limite_aux ha hb)

lemma limite_subsucesion_aux

{φ : ℕ → ℕ}

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=

begin

intro n,

induction n with m HI,

{ exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },

{ apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,

calc m ≤ φ m : HI

... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },

end

lemma limite_subsucesion

{φ : ℕ → ℕ}

{a : ℝ}

(h : limite u a)

(hφ : extraccion φ)

: limite (u ∘ φ) a :=

begin

intros ε hε,

cases h ε hε with N hN,

use N,

intros k hk,

calc |(u ∘ φ) k - a|

= |u (φ k) - a| : rfl

... < ε : hN (φ k) _,

calc φ k

≥ k : limite_subsucesion_aux hφ k

... ≥ N : hk,

end

-- 1ª demostración

example

(hu : convergente u)

(ha : punto_acumulacion u a)

: limite u a :=

begin

unfold convergente at hu,

cases hu with b hb,

convert hb,

unfold punto_acumulacion at ha,

rcases ha with ⟨φ, hφ₁, hφ₂⟩,

have hφ₃ : limite (u ∘ φ) b,

from limite_subsucesion hb hφ₁,

exact unicidad_limite hφ₂ hφ₃,

end

-- 1ª demostración

example

(hu : convergente u)

(ha : punto_acumulacion u a)

: limite u a :=

begin

cases hu with b hb,

convert hb,

rcases ha with ⟨φ, hφ₁, hφ₂⟩,

apply unicidad_limite hφ₂ _,

exact limite_subsucesion hb hφ₁,

end

-- 2ª demostración

example

(hu : convergente u)

(ha : punto_acumulacion u a)

: limite u a :=

begin

cases hu with b hb,

convert hb,

rcases ha with ⟨φ, hφ₁, hφ₂⟩,

exact unicidad_limite hφ₂ (limite_subsucesion hb hφ₁),

end

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory El_punto_de_acumulacion_de_las_sucesiones_convergente_es_su_limite
imports Main HOL.Real
begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where
  "extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition subsucesion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ (nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool"
  where "subsucesion v u ⟷ (∃ φ. extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool" where
  "limite u c ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃k. ∀n≥k. ¦u n - c¦ < ε)"

definition convergente :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool" where
  "convergente u ⟷ (∃ a. limite u a)"

definition punto_acumulacion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"
  where "punto_acumulacion u a ⟷ (∃φ. extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a)"

(* Lemas auxiliares *)

lemma unicidad_limite_aux :
  assumes "limite u a"
          "limite u b"
  shows   "b ≤ a"
proof (rule ccontr)
  assume "¬ b ≤ a"
  let ?ε = "b - a"
  have "0 < ?ε/2"
    using ‹¬ b ≤ a› by auto
  obtain A where hA : "∀n≥A. ¦u n - a¦ < ?ε/2"
    using assms(1) limite_def ‹0 < ?ε/2› by blast
  obtain B where hB : "∀n≥B. ¦u n - b¦ < ?ε/2"
    using assms(2) limite_def ‹0 < ?ε/2› by blast
  let ?C = "max A B"
  have hCa : "∀n≥?C. ¦u n - a¦ < ?ε/2"
    using hA by simp
  have hCb : "∀n≥?C. ¦u n - b¦ < ?ε/2"
    using hB by simp
  have "∀n≥?C. ¦a - b¦ < ?ε"
  proof (intro allI impI)
    fix n assume "n ≥ ?C"
    have "¦a - b¦ = ¦(a - u n) + (u n - b)¦" by simp
    also have "… ≤ ¦u n - a¦ + ¦u n - b¦" by simp
    finally show "¦a - b¦ < b - a"
      using hCa hCb ‹n ≥ ?C› by fastforce
  qed
  then show False by fastforce
qed

lemma unicidad_limite :
  assumes "limite u a"
          "limite u b"
  shows   "a = b"
proof (rule antisym)
  show "a ≤ b" using assms(2) assms(1)
    by (rule unicidad_limite_aux)
next
  show "b ≤ a" using assms(1) assms(2)
    by (rule unicidad_limite_aux)
qed

lemma limite_subsucesion_aux :
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "n ≤ φ n"
proof (induct n)
  show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp
next
  fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"
  then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"
    using assms extraccion_def
    by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)
qed

lemma limite_subsucesion :
  assumes "subsucesion v u"
          "limite u a"
  shows   "limite v a"
proof (unfold limite_def; intro allI impI)
  fix ε :: real
  assume "ε > 0"
  then obtain N where hN : "∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
    using assms(2) limite_def by auto
  obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ" and hφ2 : "v = u ∘ φ"
    using assms(1) subsucesion_def by auto
  have "∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"
  proof (intro allI impI)
    fix k
    assume "N ≤ k"
    also have "... ≤ φ k"
      by (simp add: limite_subsucesion_aux hφ1)
    finally have "N ≤ φ k" .
    have "¦v k - a¦ = ¦u (φ k) - a¦"
      using hφ2 by simp
    also have "… < ε"
      using hN ‹N ≤ φ k› by simp
    finally show "¦v k - a¦ < ε" .
  qed
  then show "∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"
    by auto
qed

(* Demostración *)
lemma
  assumes "convergente u"
          "punto_acumulacion u a"
  shows   "limite u a"
proof -
  obtain b where hb : "limite u b"
    using assms(1) convergente_def by auto
  obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ" and
                 hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"
    using assms(2) punto_acumulacion_def  by auto
  have "limite (u ∘ φ) b"
    using hφ1 hb limite_subsucesion subsucesion_def by blast
  with hφ2 have "a = b"
    by (rule unicidad_limite)
  then show "limite u a"
    using hb by simp
qed

end

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theory El_punto_de_acumulacion_de_las_sucesiones_convergente_es_su_limite

imports Main HOL.Real

begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where

"extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition subsucesion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ (nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool"

where "subsucesion v u ⟷ (∃ φ. extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool" where

"limite u c ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃k. ∀n≥k. ¦u n - c¦ < ε)"

definition convergente :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool" where

"convergente u ⟷ (∃ a. limite u a)"

definition punto_acumulacion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"

where "punto_acumulacion u a ⟷ (∃φ. extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a)"

(* Lemas auxiliares *)

lemma unicidad_limite_aux :

assumes "limite u a"

"limite u b"

shows "b ≤ a"

proof (rule ccontr)

assume "¬ b ≤ a"

let ?ε = "b - a"

have "0 < ?ε/2"

using ‹¬ b ≤ a› by auto

obtain A where hA : "∀n≥A. ¦u n - a¦ < ?ε/2"

using assms(1) limite_def ‹0 < ?ε/2› by blast

obtain B where hB : "∀n≥B. ¦u n - b¦ < ?ε/2"

using assms(2) limite_def ‹0 < ?ε/2› by blast

let ?C = "max A B"

have hCa : "∀n≥?C. ¦u n - a¦ < ?ε/2"

using hA by simp

have hCb : "∀n≥?C. ¦u n - b¦ < ?ε/2"

using hB by simp

have "∀n≥?C. ¦a - b¦ < ?ε"

proof (intro allI impI)

fix n assume "n ≥ ?C"

have "¦a - b¦ = ¦(a - u n) + (u n - b)¦" by simp

also have "… ≤ ¦u n - a¦ + ¦u n - b¦" by simp

finally show "¦a - b¦ < b - a"

using hCa hCb ‹n ≥ ?C› by fastforce

qed

then show False by fastforce

qed

lemma unicidad_limite :

assumes "limite u a"

"limite u b"

shows "a = b"

proof (rule antisym)

show "a ≤ b" using assms(2) assms(1)

by (rule unicidad_limite_aux)

show "b ≤ a" using assms(1) assms(2)

by (rule unicidad_limite_aux)

qed

lemma limite_subsucesion_aux :

assumes "extraccion φ"

shows "n ≤ φ n"

proof (induct n)

show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp

fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"

then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"

using assms extraccion_def

by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)

qed

lemma limite_subsucesion :

assumes "subsucesion v u"

"limite u a"

shows "limite v a"

proof (unfold limite_def; intro allI impI)

fix ε :: real

assume "ε > 0"

then obtain N where hN : "∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

using assms(2) limite_def by auto

obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ" and hφ2 : "v = u ∘ φ"

using assms(1) subsucesion_def by auto

have "∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"

proof (intro allI impI)

fix k

assume "N ≤ k"

also have "... ≤ φ k"

by (simp add: limite_subsucesion_aux hφ1)

finally have "N ≤ φ k" .

have "¦v k - a¦ = ¦u (φ k) - a¦"

using hφ2 by simp

also have "… < ε"

using hN ‹N ≤ φ k› by simp

finally show "¦v k - a¦ < ε" .

qed

then show "∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"

by auto

qed

(* Demostración *)

lemma

assumes "convergente u"

"punto_acumulacion u a"

shows "limite u a"

proof -

obtain b where hb : "limite u b"

using assms(1) convergente_def by auto

obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ" and

hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"

using assms(2) punto_acumulacion_def by auto

have "limite (u ∘ φ) b"

using hφ1 hb limite_subsucesion subsucesion_def by blast

with hφ2 have "a = b"

by (rule unicidad_limite)

then show "limite u a"

using hb by simp

qed

end

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="isar"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

Las subsucesiones tienen el mismo límite que la sucesión

PorJosé A. Alonso 1 septiembre 202125 agosto 2021

Para extraer una subsucesión se aplica una función de extracción que conserva el orden; por ejemplo, la subsucesión

   uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

1	uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

se ha obtenido con la función de extracción φ tal que φ(n) = 2*n.

En Lean, se puede definir que φ es una función de extracción por

   def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
     ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

1 2	def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) := ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

que v es una subsucesión de u por

   def subsucesion (v u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
     ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ

1 2	def subsucesion (v u : ℕ → ℝ) := ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ

y que a es un límite de u por

   def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
     ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

1 2	def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) := ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, \|u k - a\| < ε

Demostrar que las subsucesiones de una sucesión convergente tienen el mismo límite que la sucesión.

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import data.real.basic
open nat

variables {u v : ℕ → ℝ}
variable  {a : ℝ}
variable  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def subsucesion (v u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

example
  (hv : subsucesion v u)
  (ha : limite u a)
  : limite v a :=
sorry

import data.real.basic

open nat

variables {u v : ℕ → ℝ}

variable {a : ℝ}

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def subsucesion (v u : ℕ → ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

example

(hv : subsucesion v u)

(ha : limite u a)

: limite v a :=

sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import data.real.basic
open nat

variables {u v : ℕ → ℝ}
variable  {a : ℝ}
variable  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def subsucesion (v u : ℕ → ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

-- En la demostración se usará el siguiente lema.
lemma aux
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=
begin
  intro n,
  induction n with m HI,
  { exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },
  { apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,
    calc m ≤ φ m        : HI
       ... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },
end

-- 1ª demostración
example
  (hv : subsucesion v u)
  (ha : limite u a)
  : limite v a :=
begin
  unfold limite,
  intros ε hε,
  unfold limite at ha,
  cases ha ε hε with N hN,
  use N,
  intros n hn,
  unfold subsucesion at hv,
  rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  rw hφ2,
  apply hN,
  apply le_trans hn,
  exact aux hφ1 n,
end

-- 2ª demostración
example
  (hv : subsucesion v u)
  (ha : limite u a)
  : limite v a :=
begin
  intros ε hε,
  cases ha ε hε with N hN,
  use N,
  intros n hn,
  rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  rw hφ2,
  apply hN,
  exact le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n),
end

-- 3ª demostración
example
  (hv : subsucesion v u)
  (ha : limite u a)
  : limite v a :=
begin
  intros ε hε,
  cases ha ε hε with N hN,
  use N,
  intros n hn,
  rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  rw hφ2,
  exact hN (φ n) (le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n)),
end

-- 4ª demostración
example
  (hv : subsucesion v u)
  (ha : limite u a)
  : limite v a :=
begin
  intros ε hε,
  cases ha ε hε with N hN,
  rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  rw hφ2,
  use N,
  exact λ n hn, hN (φ n) (le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n)),
end

-- 5ª demostración
example
  (hv : subsucesion v u)
  (ha : limite u a)
  : limite v a :=
begin
  intros ε hε,
  cases ha ε hε with N hN,
  rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  rw hφ2,
  exact ⟨N, λ n hn, hN (φ n) (le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n))⟩,
end

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import data.real.basic

open nat

variables {u v : ℕ → ℝ}

variable {a : ℝ}

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

def subsucesion (v u : ℕ → ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

-- En la demostración se usará el siguiente lema.

lemma aux

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=

begin

intro n,

induction n with m HI,

{ exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },

{ apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,

calc m ≤ φ m : HI

... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },

end

-- 1ª demostración

example

(hv : subsucesion v u)

(ha : limite u a)

: limite v a :=

begin

unfold limite,

intros ε hε,

unfold limite at ha,

cases ha ε hε with N hN,

use N,

intros n hn,

unfold subsucesion at hv,

rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

rw hφ2,

apply hN,

apply le_trans hn,

exact aux hφ1 n,

end

-- 2ª demostración

example

(hv : subsucesion v u)

(ha : limite u a)

: limite v a :=

begin

intros ε hε,

cases ha ε hε with N hN,

use N,

intros n hn,

rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

rw hφ2,

apply hN,

exact le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n),

end

-- 3ª demostración

example

(hv : subsucesion v u)

(ha : limite u a)

: limite v a :=

begin

intros ε hε,

cases ha ε hε with N hN,

use N,

intros n hn,

rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

rw hφ2,

exact hN (φ n) (le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n)),

end

-- 4ª demostración

example

(hv : subsucesion v u)

(ha : limite u a)

: limite v a :=

begin

intros ε hε,

cases ha ε hε with N hN,

rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

rw hφ2,

use N,

exact λ n hn, hN (φ n) (le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n)),

end

-- 5ª demostración

example

(hv : subsucesion v u)

(ha : limite u a)

: limite v a :=

begin

intros ε hε,

cases ha ε hε with N hN,

rcases hv with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

rw hφ2,

exact ⟨N, λ n hn, hN (φ n) (le_trans hn (aux hφ1 n))⟩,

end

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory Las_subsucesiones_tienen_el_mismo_limite_que_la_sucesion
imports Main HOL.Real
begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where
  "extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition subsucesion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ (nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool"
  where "subsucesion v u ⟷ (∃ φ. extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"
  where "limite u a ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε)"

(* En la demostración se usará el siguiente lema *)
lemma aux :
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "n ≤ φ n"
proof (induct n)
  show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp
next
  fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"
  then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"
    using assms extraccion_def
    by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)
qed

(* Demostración *)
lemma
  assumes "subsucesion v u"
          "limite u a"
  shows   "limite v a"
proof (unfold limite_def; intro allI impI)
  fix ε :: real
  assume "ε > 0"
  then obtain N where hN : "∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
    using assms(2) limite_def by auto
  obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ" and hφ2 : "v = u ∘ φ"
    using assms(1) subsucesion_def by auto
  have "∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"
  proof (intro allI impI)
    fix k
    assume "N ≤ k"
    also have "... ≤ φ k"
      by (simp add: aux hφ1)
    finally have "N ≤ φ k" .
    have "¦v k - a¦ = ¦u (φ k) - a¦"
      using hφ2 by simp
    also have "… < ε"
      using hN ‹N ≤ φ k› by simp
    finally show "¦v k - a¦ < ε" .
  qed
  then show "∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"
    by auto
qed

end

theory Las_subsucesiones_tienen_el_mismo_limite_que_la_sucesion

imports Main HOL.Real

begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where

"extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition subsucesion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ (nat ⇒ real) ⇒ bool"

where "subsucesion v u ⟷ (∃ φ. extraccion φ ∧ v = u ∘ φ)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"

where "limite u a ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε)"

(* En la demostración se usará el siguiente lema *)

lemma aux :

assumes "extraccion φ"

shows "n ≤ φ n"

proof (induct n)

show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp

fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"

then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"

using assms extraccion_def

by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)

qed

(* Demostración *)

lemma

assumes "subsucesion v u"

"limite u a"

shows "limite v a"

proof (unfold limite_def; intro allI impI)

fix ε :: real

assume "ε > 0"

then obtain N where hN : "∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

using assms(2) limite_def by auto

obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ" and hφ2 : "v = u ∘ φ"

using assms(1) subsucesion_def by auto

have "∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"

proof (intro allI impI)

fix k

assume "N ≤ k"

also have "... ≤ φ k"

by (simp add: aux hφ1)

finally have "N ≤ φ k" .

have "¦v k - a¦ = ¦u (φ k) - a¦"

using hφ2 by simp

also have "… < ε"

using hN ‹N ≤ φ k› by simp

finally show "¦v k - a¦ < ε" .

qed

then show "∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦v k - a¦ < ε"

by auto

qed

end

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="isar"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

Si a es un punto de acumulación de u, entonces ∀ε>0, ∀ N, ∃k≥N, |u(k)−a| < ε

PorJosé A. Alonso 31 agosto 202125 agosto 2021

Para extraer una subsucesión se aplica una función de extracción que conserva el orden; por ejemplo, la subsucesión

   uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

1	uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

se ha obtenido con la función de extracción φ tal que φ(n) = 2*n.

En Lean, se puede definir que φ es una función de extracción por

   def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
     ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

1 2	def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) := ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

También se puede definir que a es un límite de u por

   def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
     ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

1 2	def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) := ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, \|u k - a\| < ε

Los puntos de acumulación de una sucesión son los límites de sus subsucesiones. En Lean se puede definir por

   def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
     ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

1 2	def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) := ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

Demostrar que si a es un punto de acumulación de u, entonces

   ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

1	∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ k ≥ N, \|u k - a\| < ε

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import data.real.basic
open nat

variable  {u : ℕ → ℝ}
variables {a : ℝ}
variable  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε :=
sorry

import data.real.basic

open nat

variable {u : ℕ → ℝ}

variables {a : ℝ}

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε :=

sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import data.real.basic
open nat

variable  {u : ℕ → ℝ}
variables {a : ℝ}
variable  {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=
  ∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

-- En la demostración se usarán los siguientes lemas.

lemma aux1
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=
begin
  intro n,
  induction n with m HI,
  { exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },
  { apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,
    calc m ≤ φ m        : HI
       ... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },
end

lemma aux2
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
λ N N', ⟨max N N', ⟨le_max_right N N',
                    le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                             (aux1 h (max N N'))⟩⟩

-- 1ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε :=
begin
  intros ε hε N,
  unfold punto_acumulacion at h,
  rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  unfold limite at hφ2,
  cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',
  rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,
  clear hφ1 hφ2,
  use φ m,
  split,
  { exact hm', },
  { exact hN' m hm, },
end

-- 2ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
begin
  intros ε hε N,
  rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',
  rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,
  use φ m,
  exact ⟨hm', hN' m hm⟩,
end

-- 3ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
begin
  intros ε hε N,
  rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',
  rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,
  exact ⟨φ m, hm', hN' _ hm⟩,
end

-- 4ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
begin
  intros ε hε N,
  rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,
  cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',
  rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,
  use φ m ; finish,
end

-- 5ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      ( assume N',
        assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,
        have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,
          from aux2 hφ.1 N N',
        exists.elim h1
          ( assume m,
            assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,
            exists.elim hm
              ( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',
                assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,
                have h2 : |u (φ m) - a| < ε,
                  from hN' m hm1,
                show ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε,
                  from exists.intro (φ m) (exists.intro hm2 h2)))))

-- 6ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      ( assume N',
        assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,
        have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,
          from aux2 hφ.1 N N',
        exists.elim h1
          ( assume m,
            assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,
            exists.elim hm
              ( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',
                assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,
                have h2 : |u (φ m) - a| < ε,
                  from hN' m hm1,
                show ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε,
                  from ⟨φ m, hm2, h2⟩))))

-- 7ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      ( assume N',
        assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,
        have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,
          from aux2 hφ.1 N N',
        exists.elim h1
          ( assume m,
            assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,
            exists.elim hm
              ( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',
                assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,
                have h2 : |u (φ m) - a| < ε,
                  from hN' m hm1,
                ⟨φ m, hm2, h2⟩))))

-- 8ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      ( assume N',
        assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,
        have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,
          from aux2 hφ.1 N N',
        exists.elim h1
          ( assume m,
            assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,
            exists.elim hm
              ( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',
                assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,
                ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 9ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      ( assume N',
        assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,
        have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,
          from aux2 hφ.1 N N',
        exists.elim h1
          ( assume m,
            assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,
            exists.elim hm
              (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 10ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      ( assume N',
        assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,
        have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,
          from aux2 hφ.1 N N',
        exists.elim h1
          (λ m hm, exists.elim hm (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 11ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      ( assume N',
        assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,
        exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')
          (λ m hm, exists.elim hm (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 12ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  ( assume φ,
    assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,
    exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
      (λ N' hN', exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')
        (λ m hm, exists.elim hm
          (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 13ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
assume ε,
assume hε : ε > 0,
assume N,
exists.elim h
  (λ φ hφ, exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
    (λ N' hN', exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')
      (λ m hm, exists.elim hm
        (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 14ª demostración
example
  (h : punto_acumulacion u a)
  : ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=
λ ε hε N, exists.elim h
  (λ φ hφ, exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)
    (λ N' hN', exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')
      (λ m hm, exists.elim hm
        (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

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import data.real.basic

open nat

variable {u : ℕ → ℝ}

variables {a : ℝ}

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ):=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

notation `|`x`|` := abs x

def limite (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∀ ε > 0, ∃ N, ∀ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε

def punto_acumulacion (u : ℕ → ℝ) (a : ℝ) :=

∃ φ, extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a

-- En la demostración se usarán los siguientes lemas.

lemma aux1

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=

begin

intro n,

induction n with m HI,

{ exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },

{ apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,

calc m ≤ φ m : HI

... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },

end

lemma aux2

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

λ N N', ⟨max N N', ⟨le_max_right N N',

le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux1 h (max N N'))⟩⟩

-- 1ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ k ≥ N, |u k - a| < ε :=

begin

intros ε hε N,

unfold punto_acumulacion at h,

rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

unfold limite at hφ2,

cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',

rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,

clear hφ1 hφ2,

use φ m,

split,

{ exact hm', },

{ exact hN' m hm, },

end

-- 2ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

begin

intros ε hε N,

rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',

rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,

use φ m,

exact ⟨hm', hN' m hm⟩,

end

-- 3ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

begin

intros ε hε N,

rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',

rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,

exact ⟨φ m, hm', hN' _ hm⟩,

end

-- 4ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

begin

intros ε hε N,

rcases h with ⟨φ, hφ1, hφ2⟩,

cases hφ2 ε hε with N' hN',

rcases aux2 hφ1 N N' with ⟨m, hm, hm'⟩,

use φ m ; finish,

end

-- 5ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

( assume N',

assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,

have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,

from aux2 hφ.1 N N',

exists.elim h1

( assume m,

assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,

exists.elim hm

( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',

assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,

have h2 : |u (φ m) - a| < ε,

from hN' m hm1,

show ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε,

from exists.intro (φ m) (exists.intro hm2 h2)))))

-- 6ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

( assume N',

assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,

have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,

from aux2 hφ.1 N N',

exists.elim h1

( assume m,

assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,

exists.elim hm

( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',

assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,

have h2 : |u (φ m) - a| < ε,

from hN' m hm1,

show ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε,

from ⟨φ m, hm2, h2⟩))))

-- 7ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

( assume N',

assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,

have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,

from aux2 hφ.1 N N',

exists.elim h1

( assume m,

assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,

exists.elim hm

( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',

assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,

have h2 : |u (φ m) - a| < ε,

from hN' m hm1,

⟨φ m, hm2, h2⟩))))

-- 8ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

( assume N',

assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,

have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,

from aux2 hφ.1 N N',

exists.elim h1

( assume m,

assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,

exists.elim hm

( assume hm1 : m ≥ N',

assume hm2 : φ m ≥ N,

⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 9ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

( assume N',

assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,

have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,

from aux2 hφ.1 N N',

exists.elim h1

( assume m,

assume hm : ∃ (H : m ≥ N'), φ m ≥ N,

exists.elim hm

(λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 10ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

( assume N',

assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,

have h1 : ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N,

from aux2 hφ.1 N N',

exists.elim h1

(λ m hm, exists.elim hm (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 11ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

( assume N',

assume hN' : ∀ (n : ℕ), n ≥ N' → |(u ∘ φ) n - a| < ε,

exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')

(λ m hm, exists.elim hm (λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 12ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

( assume φ,

assume hφ : extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a,

exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

(λ N' hN', exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')

(λ m hm, exists.elim hm

(λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 13ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

assume ε,

assume hε : ε > 0,

assume N,

exists.elim h

(λ φ hφ, exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

(λ N' hN', exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')

(λ m hm, exists.elim hm

(λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

-- 14ª demostración

example

(h : punto_acumulacion u a)

: ∀ ε > 0, ∀ N, ∃ n ≥ N, |u n - a| < ε :=

λ ε hε N, exists.elim h

(λ φ hφ, exists.elim (hφ.2 ε hε)

(λ N' hN', exists.elim (aux2 hφ.1 N N')

(λ m hm, exists.elim hm

(λ hm1 hm2, ⟨φ m, hm2, hN' m hm1⟩))))

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory "Si_a_es_un_punto_de_acumulacion_de_u,_entonces_a_tiene_puntos_cercanos"
imports Main HOL.Real
begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where
  "extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"
  where "limite u a ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε)"

definition punto_acumulacion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"
  where "punto_acumulacion u a ⟷ (∃φ. extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a)"

(* En la demostración se usarán los siguientes lemas *)
lemma aux1 :
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "n ≤ φ n"
proof (induct n)
  show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp
next
  fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"
  then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"
    using assms extraccion_def
    by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)
qed

lemma aux2 :
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "∀ N N'. ∃ k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
proof (intro allI)
  fix N N' :: nat
  have "max N N' ≥ N' ∧ φ (max N N') ≥ N"
    by (meson assms aux1 max.bounded_iff max.cobounded2)
  then show "∃k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
    by blast
qed

(* 1ª demostración *)
lemma
  assumes "punto_acumulacion u a"
  shows   "∀ε>0. ∀ N. ∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
proof (intro allI impI)
  fix ε :: real and N :: nat
  assume "ε > 0"
  obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ"
             and hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"
    using assms punto_acumulacion_def by blast
  obtain N' where hN' : "∀k≥N'. ¦(u ∘ φ) k - a¦ < ε"
    using hφ2 limite_def ‹ε > 0› by auto
  obtain m where hm1 : "m ≥ N'" and hm2 : "φ m ≥ N"
    using aux2 hφ1 by blast
  have "φ m ≥ N ∧ ¦u (φ m) - a¦ < ε"
    using hN' hm1 hm2 by force
  then show "∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
    by auto
qed

(* 2ª demostración *)
lemma
  assumes "punto_acumulacion u a"
  shows   "∀ε>0. ∀ N. ∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
proof (intro allI impI)
  fix ε :: real and N :: nat
  assume "ε > 0"
  obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ"
             and hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"
    using assms punto_acumulacion_def by blast
  obtain N' where hN' : "∀k≥N'. ¦(u ∘ φ) k - a¦ < ε"
    using hφ2 limite_def ‹ε > 0› by auto
  obtain m where "m ≥ N' ∧ φ m ≥ N"
    using aux2 hφ1 by blast
  then show "∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"
    using hN' by auto
qed

end

theory "Si_a_es_un_punto_de_acumulacion_de_u,_entonces_a_tiene_puntos_cercanos"

imports Main HOL.Real

begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where

"extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

definition limite :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"

where "limite u a ⟷ (∀ε>0. ∃N. ∀k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε)"

definition punto_acumulacion :: "(nat ⇒ real) ⇒ real ⇒ bool"

where "punto_acumulacion u a ⟷ (∃φ. extraccion φ ∧ limite (u ∘ φ) a)"

(* En la demostración se usarán los siguientes lemas *)

lemma aux1 :

assumes "extraccion φ"

shows "n ≤ φ n"

proof (induct n)

show "0 ≤ φ 0" by simp

fix n assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"

then show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"

using assms extraccion_def

by (metis Suc_leI lessI order_le_less_subst1)

qed

lemma aux2 :

assumes "extraccion φ"

shows "∀ N N'. ∃ k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"

proof (intro allI)

fix N N' :: nat

have "max N N' ≥ N' ∧ φ (max N N') ≥ N"

by (meson assms aux1 max.bounded_iff max.cobounded2)

then show "∃k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"

by blast

qed

(* 1ª demostración *)

lemma

assumes "punto_acumulacion u a"

shows "∀ε>0. ∀ N. ∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

proof (intro allI impI)

fix ε :: real and N :: nat

assume "ε > 0"

obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ"

and hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"

using assms punto_acumulacion_def by blast

obtain N' where hN' : "∀k≥N'. ¦(u ∘ φ) k - a¦ < ε"

using hφ2 limite_def ‹ε > 0› by auto

obtain m where hm1 : "m ≥ N'" and hm2 : "φ m ≥ N"

using aux2 hφ1 by blast

have "φ m ≥ N ∧ ¦u (φ m) - a¦ < ε"

using hN' hm1 hm2 by force

then show "∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

by auto

qed

(* 2ª demostración *)

lemma

assumes "punto_acumulacion u a"

shows "∀ε>0. ∀ N. ∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

proof (intro allI impI)

fix ε :: real and N :: nat

assume "ε > 0"

obtain φ where hφ1 : "extraccion φ"

and hφ2 : "limite (u ∘ φ) a"

using assms punto_acumulacion_def by blast

obtain N' where hN' : "∀k≥N'. ¦(u ∘ φ) k - a¦ < ε"

using hφ2 limite_def ‹ε > 0› by auto

obtain m where "m ≥ N' ∧ φ m ≥ N"

using aux2 hφ1 by blast

then show "∃k≥N. ¦u k - a¦ < ε"

using hN' by auto

qed

end

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="isar"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

Las funciones de extracción no están acotadas

PorJosé A. Alonso 30 agosto 202125 agosto 2021

Para extraer una subsucesión se aplica una función de extracción que conserva el orden; por ejemplo, la subsucesión

   uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

1	uₒ, u₂, u₄, u₆, ...

se ha obtenido con la función de extracción φ tal que φ(n) = 2*n.

En Lean, se puede definir que φ es una función de extracción por

   def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
     ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

1 2	def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) := ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

Demostrar que las funciones de extracción no está acotadas; es decir, que si φ es una función de extracción, entonces

    ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N

1	∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import tactic
open nat

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
sorry

import tactic

open nat

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import tactic
open nat

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=
  ∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

lemma aux
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=
begin
  intro n,
  induction n with m HI,
  { exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },
  { apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,
    calc m ≤ φ m        : HI
       ... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },
end

-- 1ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
begin
  intros N N',
  let n := max N N',
  use n,
  split,
  { exact le_max_right N N', },
  { calc N ≤ n   : le_max_left N N'
       ... ≤ φ n : aux h n, },
end

-- 2ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
begin
  intros N N',
  let n := max N N',
  use n,
  split,
  { exact le_max_right N N', },
  { exact le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                   (aux h n), },
end

-- 3ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
begin
  intros N N',
  use max N N',
  split,
  { exact le_max_right N N', },
  { exact le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                   (aux h (max N N')), },
end

-- 4ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
begin
  intros N N',
  use max N N',
  exact ⟨le_max_right N N',
         le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                  (aux h (max N N'))⟩,
end

-- 5ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
λ N N',
  ⟨max N N', ⟨le_max_right N N',
              le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                       (aux h (max N N'))⟩⟩

-- 6ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
assume N N',
let n := max N N' in
have h1 : n ≥ N',
  from le_max_right N N',
show ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N, from
exists.intro n
  (exists.intro h1
    (show φ n ≥ N, from
       calc N ≤ n   : le_max_left N N'
          ... ≤ φ n : aux h n))

-- 7ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
assume N N',
let n := max N N' in
have h1 : n ≥ N',
  from le_max_right N N',
show ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N, from
⟨n, h1, calc N ≤ n   : le_max_left N N'
          ...  ≤ φ n : aux h n⟩

-- 8ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
assume N N',
let n := max N N' in
have h1 : n ≥ N',
  from le_max_right N N',
show ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N, from
⟨n, h1, le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                 (aux h (max N N'))⟩

-- 9ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
assume N N',
let n := max N N' in
have h1 : n ≥ N',
  from le_max_right N N',
⟨n, h1, le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                 (aux h n)⟩

-- 10ª demostración
example
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
assume N N',
⟨max N N', le_max_right N N',
           le_trans (le_max_left N N')
                    (aux h (max N N'))⟩

-- 11ª demostración
lemma extraccion_mye
  (h : extraccion φ)
  : ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=
λ N N',
  ⟨max N N', le_max_right N N',
             le_trans (le_max_left N N')
             (aux h (max N N'))⟩

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import tactic

open nat

variable {φ : ℕ → ℕ}

def extraccion (φ : ℕ → ℕ) :=

∀ n m, n < m → φ n < φ m

lemma aux

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ n, n ≤ φ n :=

begin

intro n,

induction n with m HI,

{ exact nat.zero_le (φ 0), },

{ apply nat.succ_le_of_lt,

calc m ≤ φ m : HI

... < φ (succ m) : h m (m+1) (lt_add_one m), },

end

-- 1ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

begin

intros N N',

let n := max N N',

use n,

split,

{ exact le_max_right N N', },

{ calc N ≤ n : le_max_left N N'

... ≤ φ n : aux h n, },

end

-- 2ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

begin

intros N N',

let n := max N N',

use n,

split,

{ exact le_max_right N N', },

{ exact le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h n), },

end

-- 3ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

begin

intros N N',

use max N N',

split,

{ exact le_max_right N N', },

{ exact le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h (max N N')), },

end

-- 4ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

begin

intros N N',

use max N N',

exact ⟨le_max_right N N',

le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h (max N N'))⟩,

end

-- 5ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

λ N N',

⟨max N N', ⟨le_max_right N N',

le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h (max N N'))⟩⟩

-- 6ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

assume N N',

let n := max N N' in

have h1 : n ≥ N',

from le_max_right N N',

show ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N, from

exists.intro n

(exists.intro h1

(show φ n ≥ N, from

calc N ≤ n : le_max_left N N'

... ≤ φ n : aux h n))

-- 7ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

assume N N',

let n := max N N' in

have h1 : n ≥ N',

from le_max_right N N',

show ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N, from

⟨n, h1, calc N ≤ n : le_max_left N N'

... ≤ φ n : aux h n⟩

-- 8ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

assume N N',

let n := max N N' in

have h1 : n ≥ N',

from le_max_right N N',

show ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N, from

⟨n, h1, le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h (max N N'))⟩

-- 9ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

assume N N',

let n := max N N' in

have h1 : n ≥ N',

from le_max_right N N',

⟨n, h1, le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h n)⟩

-- 10ª demostración

example

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

assume N N',

⟨max N N', le_max_right N N',

le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h (max N N'))⟩

-- 11ª demostración

lemma extraccion_mye

(h : extraccion φ)

: ∀ N N', ∃ n ≥ N', φ n ≥ N :=

λ N N',

⟨max N N', le_max_right N N',

le_trans (le_max_left N N')

(aux h (max N N'))⟩

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory Las_funciones_de_extraccion_no_estan_acotadas
imports Main
begin

definition extraccion :: "(nat ⇒ nat) ⇒ bool" where
  "extraccion φ ⟷ (∀ n m. n < m ⟶ φ n < φ m)"

(* En la demostración se usará el siguiente lema *)
lemma aux :
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "n ≤ φ n"
proof (induct n)
  show "0 ≤ φ 0"
    by simp
next
  fix n
  assume HI : "n ≤ φ n"
  also have "φ n < φ (Suc n)"
    using assms extraccion_def by blast
  finally show "Suc n ≤ φ (Suc n)"
    by simp
qed

(* 1ª demostración *)
lemma
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "∀ N N'. ∃ k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
proof (intro allI)
  fix N N' :: nat
  let ?k = "max N N'"
  have "max N N' ≤ ?k"
    by (rule le_refl)
  then have hk : "N ≤ ?k ∧ N' ≤ ?k"
    by (simp only: max.bounded_iff)
  then have "?k ≥ N'"
    by (rule conjunct2)
  moreover
  have "N ≤ φ ?k"
  proof -
    have "N ≤ ?k"
      using hk by (rule conjunct1)
    also have "… ≤ φ ?k"
      using assms by (rule aux)
    finally show "N ≤ φ ?k"
      by this
  qed
  ultimately have "?k ≥ N' ∧ φ ?k ≥ N"
    by (rule conjI)
  then show "∃k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
    by (rule exI)
qed

(* 2ª demostración *)
lemma
  assumes "extraccion φ"
  shows   "∀ N N'. ∃ k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
proof (intro allI)
  fix N N' :: nat
  let ?k = "max N N'"
  have "?k ≥ N'"
    by simp
  moreover
  have "N ≤ φ ?k"
  proof -
    have "N ≤ ?k"
      by simp
    also have "… ≤ φ ?k"
      using assms by (rule aux)
    finally show "N ≤ φ ?k"
      by this
  qed
  ultimately show "∃k ≥ N'. φ k ≥ N"
    by blast
qed

end