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Segmentos comunes maximales

PorJosé A. Alonso 30-diciembre-20167-enero-2017

Los segmentos de «abcd» son

   ["","a","ab","abc","abcd","b","bc","bcd","c","cd","d"]

1	["","a","ab","abc","abcd","b","bc","bcd","c","cd","d"]

Los segmentos comunes de «abcd» y «axbce» son

   ["","a","b","bc","c"]

1	["","a","b","bc","c"]

Los segmentos comunes maximales (es decir, no contenidos en otros segmentos) de «abcd» y «axbce» son

   ["a","bc"]

1	["a","bc"]

Definir la función

   segmentosComunesMaximales :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [[a]]

1	segmentosComunesMaximales :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [[a]]

tal que (segmentosComunesMaximales xs ys) es la lista de los segmentos comunes maximales de xs e ys. Por ejemplo,

   segmentosComunesMaximales "abcd" "axbce"  ==  ["a","bc"]
   segmentosComunesMaximales [8,8] [8]       ==  [[8]]

1 2	segmentosComunesMaximales "abcd" "axbce" == ["a","bc"] segmentosComunesMaximales [8,8] [8] == [[8]]

Soluciones

import Data.List (inits, tails, isInfixOf)

segmentosComunesMaximales :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [[a]]
segmentosComunesMaximales xs ys =
  nub [zs | zs <- zss
          , null [us | us <- zss, zs `isInfixOf` us, us /= zs]]
  where zss = segmentosComunes xs ys

segmentosComunes :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [[a]]
segmentosComunes xs ys =
  [zs | zs <- segmentos xs
      , zs `isInfixOf` ys]

-- (segmentos xs) es la lista de los segmentos de xs. Por ejemplo,
--    segmentos "abc"  ==  ["","a","ab","abc","b","bc","c"]
segmentos :: [a] -> [[a]]
segmentos xs =
  [] : concatMap (tail . inits) (init (tails xs))

import Data.List (inits, tails, isInfixOf)

segmentosComunesMaximales :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [[a]]

segmentosComunesMaximales xs ys =

nub [zs | zs <- zss

, null [us | us <- zss, zs `isInfixOf` us, us /= zs]]

where zss = segmentosComunes xs ys

segmentosComunes :: Eq a => [a] -> [a] -> [[a]]

segmentosComunes xs ys =

[zs | zs <- segmentos xs

, zs `isInfixOf` ys]

-- (segmentos xs) es la lista de los segmentos de xs. Por ejemplo,

-- segmentos "abc" == ["","a","ab","abc","b","bc","c"]

segmentos :: [a] -> [[a]]

segmentos xs =

[] : concatMap (tail . inits) (init (tails xs))

Distancia a Erdős

PorJosé A. Alonso 14-diciembre-201621-diciembre-2016

Una de las razones por la que el matemático húngaro Paul Erdős es conocido es por la multitud de colaboraciones que realizó durante toda su carrera, un total de 511. Tal es así que se establece la distancia a Erdős como la distancia que has estado de coautoría con Erdős. Por ejemplo, si eres Paul Erdős tu distancia a Erdős es 0, si has escrito un artículo con Erdős tu distancia es 1, si has escrito un artículo con alguien que ha escrito un artículo con Erdős tu distancia es 2, etc. El objetivo de este problema es definir una función que a partir de una lista de pares de coautores y un número natural n calcular la lista de los matemáticos a una distancia n de Erdős.

Para el problema se considerará la siguiente lista de coautores

   coautores :: [(String,String)]
   coautores =
     [("Paul Erdos","Ernst Straus"),("Paul Erdos","Pascual Jordan"),
      ("Paul Erdos","D. Kleitman"),("Albert Einstein","Ernst Straus"),
      ("John von Newmann","David Hilbert"),("S. Glashow","D. Kleitman"),
      ("John von Newmann","Pascual Jordan"), ("David Pines","D. Bohm"),
      ("Albert Einstein","Otto Stern"),("S. Glashow", "M. Gell-Mann"),
      ("Richar Feynman","M. Gell-Mann"),("M. Gell-Mann","David Pines"),
      ("David Pines","A. Bohr"),("Wolfgang Pauli","Albert Einstein"),
      ("D. Bohm","L. De Broglie"), ("Paul Erdos","J. Conway"),
      ("J. Conway", "P. Doyle"),("Paul Erdos","A. J. Granville"),
      ("A. J. Granville","B. Mazur"),("B. Mazur","Andrew Wiles")]

coautores :: [(String,String)]

coautores =

[("Paul Erdos","Ernst Straus"),("Paul Erdos","Pascual Jordan"),

("Paul Erdos","D. Kleitman"),("Albert Einstein","Ernst Straus"),

("John von Newmann","David Hilbert"),("S. Glashow","D. Kleitman"),

("John von Newmann","Pascual Jordan"), ("David Pines","D. Bohm"),

("Albert Einstein","Otto Stern"),("S. Glashow", "M. Gell-Mann"),

("Richar Feynman","M. Gell-Mann"),("M. Gell-Mann","David Pines"),

("David Pines","A. Bohr"),("Wolfgang Pauli","Albert Einstein"),

("D. Bohm","L. De Broglie"), ("Paul Erdos","J. Conway"),

("J. Conway", "P. Doyle"),("Paul Erdos","A. J. Granville"),

("A. J. Granville","B. Mazur"),("B. Mazur","Andrew Wiles")]

La lista anterior es real y se ha obtenido del artículo Famous trails to Paul Erdős.

Definir la función

   numeroDeErdos :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]

1	numeroDeErdos :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]

tal que (numeroDeErdos xs n) es la lista de lista de los matemáticos de la
lista de coautores xs que se encuentran a una distancia n de Erdős. Por ejemplo,

   λ> numeroDeErdos coautores 0
   ["Paul Erdos"]
   λ> numeroDeErdos coautores 1
   ["Ernst Straus","Pascual Jordan","D. Kleitman","J. Conway","A. J. Granville"]
   λ> numeroDeErdos coautores 2
   ["Albert Einstein","John von Newmann","S. Glashow","P. Doyle","B. Mazur"]

λ> numeroDeErdos coautores 0

["Paul Erdos"]

λ> numeroDeErdos coautores 1

["Ernst Straus","Pascual Jordan","D. Kleitman","J. Conway","A. J. Granville"]

λ> numeroDeErdos coautores 2

["Albert Einstein","John von Newmann","S. Glashow","P. Doyle","B. Mazur"]

Nota: Este ejercicio ha sido propuesto por Enrique Naranjo.

Soluciones

data Arbol a = N a [Arbol a]
             deriving Show 

coautores :: [(String,String)]
coautores =
  [("Paul Erdos","Ernst Straus"),("Paul Erdos","Pascual Jordan"),
   ("Paul Erdos","D. Kleitman"),("Albert Einstein","Ernst Straus"),
   ("John von Newmann","David Hilbert"),("S. Glashow","D. Kleitman"),
   ("John von Newmann","Pascual Jordan"), ("David Pines","D. Bohm"),
   ("Albert Einstein","Otto Stern"),("S. Glashow", "M. Gell-Mann"),
   ("Richar Feynman","M. Gell-Mann"),("M. Gell-Mann","David Pines"),
   ("David Pines","A. Bohr"),("Wolfgang Pauli","Albert Einstein"),
   ("D. Bohm","L. De Broglie"), ("Paul Erdos","J. Conway"),
   ("J. Conway", "P. Doyle"),("Paul Erdos","A. J. Granville"),
   ("A. J. Granville","B. Mazur"),("B. Mazur","Andrew Wiles")]

-- 1ª solución
-- ===========

numeroDeErdos :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]
numeroDeErdos xs n = nivel n (arbolDeErdos xs "Paul Erdos")

-- (arbolDeErdos xs a) es el árbol de coautores de a según la lista de
-- coautores xs. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> arbolDeErdos coautores "Paul Erdos"
--    N "Paul Erdos"
--      [N "Ernst Straus"
--         [N "Albert Einstein"
--           [N "Wolfgang Pauli" [],
--            N "Otto Stern" []]],
--          N "Pascual Jordan"
--            [N "John von Newmann"
--               [N "David Hilbert" []]],
--          N "D. Kleitman"
--            [N "S. Glashow"
--               [N "M. Gell-Mann"
--                  [N "Richar Feynman" [],
--                   N "David Pines"
--                     [N "A. Bohr" [],
--                      N "D. Bohm"
--                        [N "L. De Broglie" []]]]]],
--          N "J. Conway"
--            [N "P. Doyle" []],
--             N "A. J. Granville"
--               [N "B. Mazur"
--                  [N "Andrew Wiles" []]]]
arbolDeErdos :: [(String, String)] -> String -> Arbol String
arbolDeErdos xs a =
  N a [arbolDeErdos noColaboradores n | n <- colaboradores]
  where
    colaboradores   = [filtra a (x,y) | (x,y) <- xs, x == a || y == a]
    filtra a (x,y) | a == x    = y
                   | otherwise = x
    noColaboradores = [(x,y) | (x,y) <- xs, x /= a, y /= a]

-- (nivel n a) es la lista de los elementos del árbol a en el nivel
-- n. Por ejemplo,      
--    nivel 0 (N 3 [N 5 [N 6 []], N 7 [N 9 []]])   ==  [3]
--    nivel 1 (N 3 [N 5 [N 6 []], N 7 [N 9 []]])   ==  [5,7]
--    nivel 2 (N 3 [N 5 [N 6 []], N 7 [N 9 []]])   ==  [6,9]
nivel :: Int -> Arbol a -> [a]
nivel 0 (N a xs) = [a]
nivel n (N a xs) = concatMap (nivel (n-1)) xs

-- 2ª solución
-- ===========

numeroDeErdos2 :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]
numeroDeErdos2 = auxC ["Paul Erdos"] 
  where
    auxC v xs 0 = v
    auxC v xs x = auxC  (n v) (m v xs) (x-1)
      where n v =     [a | (a,b) <- xs, elem b v] ++
                      [b | (a,b) <- xs, elem a v]
            m ys xs = [(a,b) | (a,b) <- xs
                             , notElem a ys && notElem b ys]

-- 3ª solución
-- ===========

numeroDeErdos3 :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]
numeroDeErdos3 ps n = (sucCoautores "Paul Erdos" ps) !! n

-- (sucCoautores a ps) es la sucesión de coautores de a en ps ordenados
-- por diatancia. Por ejemplo, 
--    λ> take 3 (sucCoautores "Paul Erdos" coautores)
--    [["Paul Erdos"],
--     ["Ernst Straus","Pascual Jordan","D. Kleitman","J. Conway",
--      "A. J. Granville"],
--     ["Albert Einstein","John von Newmann","S. Glashow","P. Doyle",
--      "B. Mazur"]]
--    λ> sucCoautores "Albert Einstein" coautores
--    [["Albert Einstein"],
--     ["Ernst Straus","Otto Stern","Wolfgang Pauli"],
--     ["Paul Erdos"],
--     ["Pascual Jordan","D. Kleitman","J. Conway", "A. J. Granville"],
--     ["John von Newmann","S. Glashow","P. Doyle","B. Mazur"],
--     ["David Hilbert","M. Gell-Mann","Andrew Wiles"],
--     ["David Pines","Richar Feynman"],
--     ["D. Bohm","A. Bohr"],
--     ["L. De Broglie"]]
sucCoautores :: String -> [(String, String)] -> [[String]]
sucCoautores a ps =
  takeWhile (not . null) (map fst (iterate sig ([a], as \\ [a])))
  where as = elementos ps
        sig (xs,ys) = (zs,ys \\ zs)
          where zs = [y | y <- ys
                        , or [elem (x,y) ps || elem (y,x) ps | x <- xs]]

-- (elementos ps) es la lista de los elementos de los pares ps. Por
-- ejemplo,
--    elementos [(1,3),(3,2),(1,5)]  ==  [1,3,2,5]
elementos :: Eq a => [(a, a)] -> [a]
elementos = nub . (concatMap (\(x,y) -> [x,y]))

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data Arbol a = N a [Arbol a]

deriving Show

coautores :: [(String,String)]

coautores =

[("Paul Erdos","Ernst Straus"),("Paul Erdos","Pascual Jordan"),

("Paul Erdos","D. Kleitman"),("Albert Einstein","Ernst Straus"),

("John von Newmann","David Hilbert"),("S. Glashow","D. Kleitman"),

("John von Newmann","Pascual Jordan"), ("David Pines","D. Bohm"),

("Albert Einstein","Otto Stern"),("S. Glashow", "M. Gell-Mann"),

("Richar Feynman","M. Gell-Mann"),("M. Gell-Mann","David Pines"),

("David Pines","A. Bohr"),("Wolfgang Pauli","Albert Einstein"),

("D. Bohm","L. De Broglie"), ("Paul Erdos","J. Conway"),

("J. Conway", "P. Doyle"),("Paul Erdos","A. J. Granville"),

("A. J. Granville","B. Mazur"),("B. Mazur","Andrew Wiles")]

-- 1ª solución

-- ===========

numeroDeErdos :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]

numeroDeErdos xs n = nivel n (arbolDeErdos xs "Paul Erdos")

-- (arbolDeErdos xs a) es el árbol de coautores de a según la lista de

-- coautores xs. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> arbolDeErdos coautores "Paul Erdos"

-- N "Paul Erdos"

-- [N "Ernst Straus"

-- [N "Albert Einstein"

-- [N "Wolfgang Pauli" [],

-- N "Otto Stern" []]],

-- N "Pascual Jordan"

-- [N "John von Newmann"

-- [N "David Hilbert" []]],

-- N "D. Kleitman"

-- [N "S. Glashow"

-- [N "M. Gell-Mann"

-- [N "Richar Feynman" [],

-- N "David Pines"

-- [N "A. Bohr" [],

-- N "D. Bohm"

-- [N "L. De Broglie" []]]]]],

-- N "J. Conway"

-- [N "P. Doyle" []],

-- N "A. J. Granville"

-- [N "B. Mazur"

-- [N "Andrew Wiles" []]]]

arbolDeErdos :: [(String, String)] -> String -> Arbol String

arbolDeErdos xs a =

N a [arbolDeErdos noColaboradores n | n <- colaboradores]

where

colaboradores = [filtra a (x,y) | (x,y) <- xs, x == a || y == a]

filtra a (x,y) | a == x = y

| otherwise = x

noColaboradores = [(x,y) | (x,y) <- xs, x /= a, y /= a]

-- (nivel n a) es la lista de los elementos del árbol a en el nivel

-- n. Por ejemplo,

-- nivel 0 (N 3 [N 5 [N 6 []], N 7 [N 9 []]]) == [3]

-- nivel 1 (N 3 [N 5 [N 6 []], N 7 [N 9 []]]) == [5,7]

-- nivel 2 (N 3 [N 5 [N 6 []], N 7 [N 9 []]]) == [6,9]

nivel :: Int -> Arbol a -> [a]

nivel 0 (N a xs) = [a]

nivel n (N a xs) = concatMap (nivel (n-1)) xs

-- 2ª solución

-- ===========

numeroDeErdos2 :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]

numeroDeErdos2 = auxC ["Paul Erdos"]

where

auxC v xs 0 = v

auxC v xs x = auxC (n v) (m v xs) (x-1)

where n v = [a | (a,b) <- xs, elem b v] ++

[b | (a,b) <- xs, elem a v]

m ys xs = [(a,b) | (a,b) <- xs

, notElem a ys && notElem b ys]

-- 3ª solución

-- ===========

numeroDeErdos3 :: [(String, String)] -> Int -> [String]

numeroDeErdos3 ps n = (sucCoautores "Paul Erdos" ps) !! n

-- (sucCoautores a ps) es la sucesión de coautores de a en ps ordenados

-- por diatancia. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> take 3 (sucCoautores "Paul Erdos" coautores)

-- [["Paul Erdos"],

-- ["Ernst Straus","Pascual Jordan","D. Kleitman","J. Conway",

-- "A. J. Granville"],

-- ["Albert Einstein","John von Newmann","S. Glashow","P. Doyle",

-- "B. Mazur"]]

-- λ> sucCoautores "Albert Einstein" coautores

-- [["Albert Einstein"],

-- ["Ernst Straus","Otto Stern","Wolfgang Pauli"],

-- ["Paul Erdos"],

-- ["Pascual Jordan","D. Kleitman","J. Conway", "A. J. Granville"],

-- ["John von Newmann","S. Glashow","P. Doyle","B. Mazur"],

-- ["David Hilbert","M. Gell-Mann","Andrew Wiles"],

-- ["David Pines","Richar Feynman"],

-- ["D. Bohm","A. Bohr"],

-- ["L. De Broglie"]]

sucCoautores :: String -> [(String, String)] -> [[String]]

sucCoautores a ps =

takeWhile (not . null) (map fst (iterate sig ([a], as \\ [a])))

where as = elementos ps

sig (xs,ys) = (zs,ys \\ zs)

where zs = [y | y <- ys

, or [elem (x,y) ps || elem (y,x) ps | x <- xs]]

-- (elementos ps) es la lista de los elementos de los pares ps. Por

-- ejemplo,

-- elementos [(1,3),(3,2),(1,5)] == [1,3,2,5]

elementos :: Eq a => [(a, a)] -> [a]

elementos = nub . (concatMap (\(x,y) -> [x,y]))

Listas engarzadas

PorJosé A. Alonso 5-diciembre-201612-diciembre-2016

Una lista de listas es engarzada si el último elemento de cada lista coincide con el primero de la siguiente.

Definir la función

   engarzada :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

1	engarzada :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

tal que (engarzada xss) se verifica si xss es una lista engarzada. Por ejemplo,

   engarzada [[1,2,3], [3,5], [5,9,0]] == True
   engarzada [[1,4,5], [5,0], [1,0]]   == False
   engarzada [[1,4,5], [], [1,0]]      == False
   engarzada [[2]]                     == True

engarzada [[1,2,3], [3,5], [5,9,0]] == True

engarzada [[1,4,5], [5,0], [1,0]] == False

engarzada [[1,4,5], [], [1,0]] == False

engarzada [[2]] == True

Soluciones

-- 1ª solución:
engarzada :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool
engarzada (xs:ys:xss) =
     not (null xs) && not (null ys) && last xs == head ys
  && engarzada (ys:xss)
engarzada _ = True

-- 2ª solución:
engarzada2 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool
engarzada2 (xs:ys:xss) =
  and [ not (null xs)
      , not (null ys)
      , last xs == head ys
      , engarzada2 (ys:xss) ]
engarzada2 _ = True

-- 3ª solución:
engarzada3 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool
engarzada3 xss =
  and [ not (null xs) && not (null ys) && last xs == head ys
      | (xs,ys) <- zip xss (tail xss)]

-- 4ª solución:
engarzada4 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool
engarzada4 xss =
  all engarzados (zip xss (tail xss))
  where engarzados (xs,ys) =
          not (null xs) && not (null ys) && last xs == head ys

-- 5ª solución:
engarzada5 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool
engarzada5 xss =
  all engarzados (zip xss (tail xss))
  where engarzados ([],_)   = False
        engarzados (_,[])   = False
        engarzados (xs,y:_) = last xs == y

-- 6ª solución:
engarzada6 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool
engarzada6 xss =
  and (zipWith engarzados xss (tail xss))
  where engarzados [] _     = False
        engarzados _  []    = False
        engarzados xs (y:_) = last xs == y

-- 1ª solución:

engarzada :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

engarzada (xs:ys:xss) =

not (null xs) && not (null ys) && last xs == head ys

&& engarzada (ys:xss)

engarzada _ = True

-- 2ª solución:

engarzada2 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

engarzada2 (xs:ys:xss) =

and [ not (null xs)

, not (null ys)

, last xs == head ys

, engarzada2 (ys:xss) ]

engarzada2 _ = True

-- 3ª solución:

engarzada3 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

engarzada3 xss =

and [ not (null xs) && not (null ys) && last xs == head ys

| (xs,ys) <- zip xss (tail xss)]

-- 4ª solución:

engarzada4 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

engarzada4 xss =

all engarzados (zip xss (tail xss))

where engarzados (xs,ys) =

not (null xs) && not (null ys) && last xs == head ys

-- 5ª solución:

engarzada5 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

engarzada5 xss =

all engarzados (zip xss (tail xss))

where engarzados ([],_) = False

engarzados (_,[]) = False

engarzados (xs,y:_) = last xs == y

-- 6ª solución:

engarzada6 :: Eq a => [[a]] -> Bool

engarzada6 xss =

and (zipWith engarzados xss (tail xss))

where engarzados [] _ = False

engarzados _ [] = False

engarzados xs (y:_) = last xs == y

Conjetura de Rassias

PorJosé A. Alonso 8-noviembre-201615-noviembre-2016

El artículo de esta semana del blog Números y hoja de cálculo está dedicado a la Conjetura de Rassias. Dicha conjetura afirma que

Para cada número primo p > 2 existen dos primos a y b, con a < b, tales que
(p-1)a = b+1

Dado un primo p > 2, los pares de Rassia de p son los pares de primos (a,b), con a < b, tales que (p-1)a = b+1. Por ejemplo, (2,7) y (3,11) son pares de Rassia de 5 ya que

2 y 7 son primos, 2 < 7 y (5-1)·2 = 7+1
3 y 11 son primos, 3 < 11 y (5-1)·3 = 11+1

Definir las siguientes funciones

   paresRassias     :: Integer -> [(Integer,Integer)]
   conjeturaRassias :: Integer -> Bool

1 2	paresRassias :: Integer -> [(Integer,Integer)] conjeturaRassias :: Integer -> Bool

tales que

(paresRassias p) es la lista de los pares de Rassias del primo p (que se supone que es mayor que 2). Por ejemplo,

     take 3 (paresRassias 5)    == [(2,7),(3,11),(5,19)]
     take 3 (paresRassias 1229) == [(71,87187),(113,138763),(191,234547)]

1 2	take 3 (paresRassias 5) == [(2,7),(3,11),(5,19)] take 3 (paresRassias 1229) == [(71,87187),(113,138763),(191,234547)]

(conjeturaRassia x) se verifica si para todos los primos menores que x (y mayores que 2) se cumple la conjetura de Rassia. Por ejemplo,

     conjeturaRassias (10^5)  ==  True

1	conjeturaRassias (10^5) == True

Soluciones

import Data.Numbers.Primes (primes, isPrime)

paresRassias :: Integer -> [(Integer,Integer)]
paresRassias p =
  [(a,b) | a <- primes
         , let b = (p - 1) * a - 1
         , isPrime b]

conjeturaRassias :: Integer -> Bool
conjeturaRassias x =
  and [(not . null . paresRassias) p | p <- tail (takeWhile (<x) primes)]

import Data.Numbers.Primes (primes, isPrime)

paresRassias :: Integer -> [(Integer,Integer)]

paresRassias p =

[(a,b) | a <- primes

, let b = (p - 1) * a - 1

, isPrime b]

conjeturaRassias :: Integer -> Bool

conjeturaRassias x =

and [(not . null . paresRassias) p | p <- tail (takeWhile (<x) primes)]

Referencias

Conjetura de Rassias por Antonio Roldán en el blog «Números y hoja de cálculo»
Rassias’ conjecture en Wikipedia

Centro de gravedad de una lista

PorJosé A. Alonso 25-mayo-201626-marzo-2022

Se dice que una lista de números xs es equilibrada si existe una posición k tal que la suma de los elementos de xs en las posiciones menores que k es igual a la de los elementos de xs en las posiciones mayores que k. La posición k se llama el centro de gravedad de xs. Por ejemplo, la lista [1,3,4,5,-2,1] es equilibrada, y su centro de gravedad es 2, ya que la suma de [1,3] es igual a la de [5,-2,1]. En cambio, la lista [1,6,4,5,-2,1] no tiene centro de gravedad.

Definir la función

   centro :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int

1	centro :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int

tal que (centro xs) es justo el centro e gravedad de xs, si la lista xs es equilibrada y Nothing en caso contrario. Por ejemplo,

   centro [1,3,4,5,-2,1]           ==  Just 2
   centro [1,6,4,5,-2,1]           ==  Nothing
   centro [1,2,3,4,3,2,1]          ==  Just 3
   centro [1,100,50,-51,1,1]       ==  Just 1
   centro [1,2,3,4,5,6]            ==  Nothing
   centro [20,10,30,10,10,15,35]   ==  Just 3
   centro [20,10,-80,10,10,15,35]  ==  Just 0
   centro [10,-80,10,10,15,35,20]  ==  Just 6
   centro [0,0,0,0,0]              ==  Just 0
   centro [-1,-2,-3,-4,-3,-2,-1]   ==  Just 3

centro [1,3,4,5,-2,1] == Just 2

centro [1,6,4,5,-2,1] == Nothing

centro [1,2,3,4,3,2,1] == Just 3

centro [1,100,50,-51,1,1] == Just 1

centro [1,2,3,4,5,6] == Nothing

centro [20,10,30,10,10,15,35] == Just 3

centro [20,10,-80,10,10,15,35] == Just 0

centro [10,-80,10,10,15,35,20] == Just 6

centro [0,0,0,0,0] == Just 0

centro [-1,-2,-3,-4,-3,-2,-1] == Just 3

Soluciones

import Data.List (inits, tails)
import Data.Maybe (listToMaybe)

-- 1ª solución
-- ===========

centro1 :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int
centro1 xs 
    | null ns   = Nothing
    | otherwise = Just (head ns)
    where ns = [n | n <- [0..length xs - 1],
                    let (ys,_:zs) = splitAt n xs,
                    sum ys == sum zs]

-- 2ª solución
-- ===========

centro2 :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int
centro2 xs = aux 0 0 (sum xs) xs where
    aux _ _ _ [] = Nothing
    aux k i d (z:zs) | i == d - z = Just k
                     | otherwise  = aux (k + 1) (i + z) (d - z) zs

-- 3ª solución
-- ===========

centro3 :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int
centro3 xs =
  listToMaybe [ k | (k,ys,_:zs) <- zip3 [0..] (inits xs) (tails xs)
                  , sum ys == sum zs]

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- =========================

--    λ> let xs = [1..3000] in centro1 (xs ++ (0:xs))
--    Just 3000
--    (2.70 secs, 2,088,881,728 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..3000] in centro2 (xs ++ (0:xs))
--    Just 3000
--    (0.03 secs, 0 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..3000] in centro3 (xs ++ (0:xs))
--    Just 3000
--    (2.34 secs, 1,727,569,688 bytes)

import Data.List (inits, tails)

import Data.Maybe (listToMaybe)

-- 1ª solución

-- ===========

centro1 :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int

centro1 xs

| null ns = Nothing

| otherwise = Just (head ns)

where ns = [n | n <- [0..length xs - 1],

let (ys,_:zs) = splitAt n xs,

sum ys == sum zs]

-- 2ª solución

-- ===========

centro2 :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int

centro2 xs = aux 0 0 (sum xs) xs where

aux _ _ _ [] = Nothing

aux k i d (z:zs) | i == d - z = Just k

| otherwise = aux (k + 1) (i + z) (d - z) zs

-- 3ª solución

-- ===========

centro3 :: (Num a, Eq a) => [a] -> Maybe Int

centro3 xs =

listToMaybe [ k | (k,ys,_:zs) <- zip3 [0..] (inits xs) (tails xs)

, sum ys == sum zs]

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- =========================

-- λ> let xs = [1..3000] in centro1 (xs ++ (0:xs))

-- Just 3000

-- (2.70 secs, 2,088,881,728 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..3000] in centro2 (xs ++ (0:xs))

-- Just 3000

-- (0.03 secs, 0 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..3000] in centro3 (xs ++ (0:xs))

-- Just 3000

-- (2.34 secs, 1,727,569,688 bytes)

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