IH.list.size – Calculemus

Pruebas de length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys

José A. Alonso- 9 septiembre 2021

En Lean están definidas las funciones

   length : list α → nat
   (++)   : list α → list α → list α

tales que

(length xs) es la longitud de xs. Por ejemplo,

     length [2,3,5,3] = 4

(xs ++ ys) es la lista obtenida concatenando xs e ys. Por ejemplo.

     [1,2] ++ [2,3,5,3] = [1,2,2,3,5,3]

Dichas funciones están caracterizadas por los siguientes lemas:

   length_nil  : length [] = 0
   length_cons : length (x :: xs) = length xs + 1
   nil_append  : [] ++ ys = ys
   cons_append : (x :: xs) ++ y = x :: (xs ++ ys)

Demostrar que

   length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import tactic
open list
 
variable  {α : Type}
variable  (x : α)
variables (xs ys zs : list α)
 
lemma length_nil  : length ([] : list α) = 0 := rfl
 
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import tactic
open list
 
variable  {α : Type}
variable  (x : α)
variables (xs ys zs : list α)
 
lemma length_nil  : length ([] : list α) = 0 := rfl
 
-- 1ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { rw nil_append,
    rw length_nil,
    rw zero_add, },
  { rw cons_append,
    rw length_cons,
    rw HI,
    rw length_cons,
    rw add_assoc,
    rw add_comm (length ys),
    rw add_assoc, },
end
 
-- 2ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { rw nil_append,
    rw length_nil,
    rw zero_add, },
  { rw cons_append,
    rw length_cons,
    rw HI,
    rw length_cons,
    -- library_search,
    exact add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1 },
end
 
-- 3ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { rw nil_append,
    rw length_nil,
    rw zero_add, },
  { rw cons_append,
    rw length_cons,
    rw HI,
    rw length_cons,
    -- by hint,
    linarith, },
end
 
-- 4ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { simp, },
  { simp [HI],
    linarith, },
end
 
-- 5ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { simp, },
  { finish [HI],},
end
 
-- 6ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
by induction xs ; finish [*]
 
-- 7ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { calc length ([] ++ ys)
         = length ys                    : congr_arg length (nil_append ys)
     ... = 0 + length ys                : (zero_add (length ys)).symm
     ... = length [] + length ys        : congr_arg2 (+) length_nil.symm rfl, },
  { calc length ((a :: as) ++ ys)
         = length (a :: (as ++ ys))     : congr_arg length (cons_append a as ys)
     ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1        : length_cons a (as ++ ys)
     ... = (length as + length ys) + 1  : congr_arg2 (+) HI rfl
     ... = (length as + 1) + length ys  : add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1
     ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : congr_arg2 (+) (length_cons a as).symm rfl, },
end
 
-- 8ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
begin
  induction xs with a as HI,
  { calc length ([] ++ ys)
         = length ys                    : by rw nil_append
     ... = 0 + length ys                : (zero_add (length ys)).symm
     ... = length [] + length ys        : by rw length_nil },
  { calc length ((a :: as) ++ ys)
         = length (a :: (as ++ ys))     : by rw cons_append
     ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1        : by rw length_cons
     ... = (length as + length ys) + 1  : by rw HI
     ... = (length as + 1) + length ys  : add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1
     ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : by rw length_cons, },
end
 
-- 9ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
list.rec_on xs
  ( show length ([] ++ ys) = length [] + length ys, from
      calc length ([] ++ ys)
           = length ys                    : by rw nil_append
       ... = 0 + length ys                : by exact (zero_add (length ys)).symm
       ... = length [] + length ys        : by rw length_nil )
  ( assume a as,
    assume HI : length (as ++ ys) = length as + length ys,
    show length ((a :: as) ++ ys) = length (a :: as) + length ys, from
      calc length ((a :: as) ++ ys)
           = length (a :: (as ++ ys))     : by rw cons_append
       ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1        : by rw length_cons
       ... = (length as + length ys) + 1  : by rw HI
       ... = (length as + 1) + length ys  : by exact add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1
       ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : by rw length_cons)
 
-- 10ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
list.rec_on xs
  ( by simp)
  ( λ a as HI, by simp [HI, add_right_comm])
 
-- 11ª demostración
lemma longitud_conc_1 :
  ∀ xs, length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys
| [] := by calc
    length ([] ++ ys)
        = length ys                    : by rw nil_append
    ... = 0 + length ys                : by rw zero_add
    ... = length [] + length ys        : by rw length_nil
| (a :: as) := by calc
    length ((a :: as) ++ ys)
        = length (a :: (as ++ ys))     : by rw cons_append
    ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1        : by rw length_cons
    ... = (length as + length ys) + 1  : by rw longitud_conc_1
    ... = (length as + 1) + length ys  : by exact add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1
    ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : by rw length_cons
 
-- 12ª demostración
lemma longitud_conc_2 :
  ∀ xs, length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys
| []        := by simp
| (a :: as) := by simp [longitud_conc_2 as, add_right_comm]
 
-- 13ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
-- by library_search
length_append xs ys
 
-- 14ª demostración
example :
  length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys :=
by simp

import tactic open list variable {α : Type} variable (x : α) variables (xs ys zs : list α) lemma length_nil : length ([] : list α) = 0 := rfl -- 1ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := begin induction xs with a as HI, { rw nil_append, rw length_nil, rw zero_add, }, { rw cons_append, rw length_cons, rw HI, rw length_cons, rw add_assoc, rw add_comm (length ys), rw add_assoc, }, end -- 2ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := begin induction xs with a as HI, { rw nil_append, rw length_nil, rw zero_add, }, { rw cons_append, rw length_cons, rw HI, rw length_cons, -- library_search, exact add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1 }, end -- 3ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := begin induction xs with a as HI, { rw nil_append, rw length_nil, rw zero_add, }, { rw cons_append, rw length_cons, rw HI, rw length_cons, -- by hint, linarith, }, end -- 4ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := begin induction xs with a as HI, { simp, }, { simp [HI], linarith, }, end -- 5ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := begin induction xs with a as HI, { simp, }, { finish [HI],}, end -- 6ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := by induction xs ; finish [*] -- 7ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := begin induction xs with a as HI, { calc length ([] ++ ys) = length ys : congr_arg length (nil_append ys) ... = 0 + length ys : (zero_add (length ys)).symm ... = length [] + length ys : congr_arg2 (+) length_nil.symm rfl, }, { calc length ((a :: as) ++ ys) = length (a :: (as ++ ys)) : congr_arg length (cons_append a as ys) ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1 : length_cons a (as ++ ys) ... = (length as + length ys) + 1 : congr_arg2 (+) HI rfl ... = (length as + 1) + length ys : add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1 ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : congr_arg2 (+) (length_cons a as).symm rfl, }, end -- 8ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := begin induction xs with a as HI, { calc length ([] ++ ys) = length ys : by rw nil_append ... = 0 + length ys : (zero_add (length ys)).symm ... = length [] + length ys : by rw length_nil }, { calc length ((a :: as) ++ ys) = length (a :: (as ++ ys)) : by rw cons_append ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1 : by rw length_cons ... = (length as + length ys) + 1 : by rw HI ... = (length as + 1) + length ys : add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1 ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : by rw length_cons, }, end -- 9ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := list.rec_on xs ( show length ([] ++ ys) = length [] + length ys, from calc length ([] ++ ys) = length ys : by rw nil_append ... = 0 + length ys : by exact (zero_add (length ys)).symm ... = length [] + length ys : by rw length_nil ) ( assume a as, assume HI : length (as ++ ys) = length as + length ys, show length ((a :: as) ++ ys) = length (a :: as) + length ys, from calc length ((a :: as) ++ ys) = length (a :: (as ++ ys)) : by rw cons_append ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1 : by rw length_cons ... = (length as + length ys) + 1 : by rw HI ... = (length as + 1) + length ys : by exact add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1 ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : by rw length_cons) -- 10ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := list.rec_on xs ( by simp) ( λ a as HI, by simp [HI, add_right_comm]) -- 11ª demostración lemma longitud_conc_1 : ∀ xs, length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys | [] := by calc length ([] ++ ys) = length ys : by rw nil_append ... = 0 + length ys : by rw zero_add ... = length [] + length ys : by rw length_nil | (a :: as) := by calc length ((a :: as) ++ ys) = length (a :: (as ++ ys)) : by rw cons_append ... = length (as ++ ys) + 1 : by rw length_cons ... = (length as + length ys) + 1 : by rw longitud_conc_1 ... = (length as + 1) + length ys : by exact add_right_comm (length as) (length ys) 1 ... = length (a :: as) + length ys : by rw length_cons -- 12ª demostración lemma longitud_conc_2 : ∀ xs, length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys | [] := by simp | (a :: as) := by simp [longitud_conc_2 as, add_right_comm] -- 13ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := -- by library_search length_append xs ys -- 14ª demostración example : length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys := by simp

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory "Pruebas_de_length(xs_++_ys)_Ig_length_xs+length_ys"
imports Main
begin
 
(* 1ª demostración *)
lemma "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
proof (induct xs)
  have "length ([] @ ys) = length ys"
    by (simp only: append_Nil)
  also have "… = 0 + length ys"
    by (rule add_0 [symmetric])
  also have "… = length [] + length ys"
    by (simp only: list.size(3))
  finally show "length ([] @ ys) = length [] + length ys"
    by this
next
  fix x xs
  assume HI : "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
  have "length ((x # xs) @ ys) =
        length (x # (xs @ ys))"
    by (simp only: append_Cons)
  also have "… = length (xs @ ys) + 1"
    by (simp only: list.size(4))
  also have "… = (length xs + length ys) + 1"
    by (simp only: HI)
  also have "… = (length xs + 1) + length ys"
    by (simp only: add.assoc add.commute)
  also have "… = length (x # xs) + length ys"
    by (simp only: list.size(4))
  then show "length ((x # xs) @ ys) = length (x # xs) + length ys"
    by simp
qed
 
(* 2ª demostración *)
lemma "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
proof (induct xs)
  show "length ([] @ ys) = length [] + length ys"
    by simp
next
  fix x xs
  assume "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
  then show "length ((x # xs) @ ys) = length (x # xs) + length ys"
    by simp
qed
 
(* 3ª demostración *)
lemma "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
proof (induct xs)
  case Nil
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Cons a xs)
  then show ?case by simp
qed
 
(* 4ª demostración *)
lemma "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
by (induct xs) simp_all
 
(* 5ª demostración *)
lemma "length (xs @ ys) = length xs + length ys"
by (fact length_append)
 
end

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="isar"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

Soluciones →

Pruebas de length (repeat x n) = n

José A. Alonso- 7 septiembre 2021

En Lean están definidas las funciones length y repeat tales que

(length xs) es la longitud de la lista xs. Por ejemplo,

     length [1,2,5,2] = 4

(repeat x n) es la lista que tiene el elemento x n veces. Por ejemplo,

     repeat 7 3 = [7, 7, 7]

Demostrar que

   length (repeat x n) = n

Para ello, completar la siguiente teoría de Lean:

import data.list.basic
open nat
open list
 
variable {α : Type}
variable (x : α)
variable (n : ℕ)
 
example :
  length (repeat x n) = n :=
sorry

[expand title=»Soluciones con Lean»]

import data.list.basic
open nat
open list
 
set_option pp.structure_projections false
 
variable {α : Type}
variable (x : α)
variable (n : ℕ)
 
-- 1ª demostración
example :
  length (repeat x n) = n :=
begin
  induction n with n HI,
  { calc length (repeat x 0)
          = length []                : congr_arg length (repeat.equations._eqn_1 x)
      ... = 0                        : length.equations._eqn_1 },
  { calc length (repeat x (succ n))
         = length (x :: repeat x n)  : congr_arg length (repeat.equations._eqn_2 x n)
     ... = length (repeat x n) + 1   : length.equations._eqn_2 x (repeat x n)
     ... = n + 1                     : congr_arg2 (+) HI rfl
     ... = succ n                    : rfl, },
end
 
-- 2ª demostración
example :
  length (repeat x n) = n :=
begin
  induction n with n HI,
  { calc length (repeat x 0)
          = length []                : rfl
      ... = 0                        : rfl },
  { calc length (repeat x (succ n))
         = length (x :: repeat x n)  : rfl
     ... = length (repeat x n) + 1   : rfl
     ... = n + 1                     : by rw HI
     ... = succ n                    : rfl, },
end
 
-- 3ª demostración
example : length (repeat x n) = n :=
begin
  induction n with n HI,
  { refl, },
  { dsimp,
    rw HI, },
end
 
-- 4ª demostración
example : length (repeat x n) = n :=
begin
  induction n with n HI,
  { simp, },
  { simp [HI], },
end
 
-- 5ª demostración
example : length (repeat x n) = n :=
by induction n ; simp [*]
 
-- 6ª demostración
example : length (repeat x n) = n :=
nat.rec_on n
  ( show length (repeat x 0) = 0, from
      calc length (repeat x 0)
           = length []                : rfl
       ... = 0                        : rfl )
  ( assume n,
    assume HI : length (repeat x n) = n,
    show length (repeat x (succ n)) = succ n, from
      calc length (repeat x (succ n))
           = length (x :: repeat x n) : rfl
       ... = length (repeat x n) + 1  : rfl
       ... = n + 1                    : by rw HI
       ... = succ n                   : rfl )
 
-- 7ª demostración
example : length (repeat x n) = n :=
nat.rec_on n
  ( by simp )
  ( λ n HI, by simp [HI])
 
-- 8ª demostración
example : length (repeat x n) = n :=
length_repeat x n
 
-- 9ª demostración
example : length (repeat x n) = n :=
by simp
 
-- 10ª demostración
lemma length_repeat_1 :
  ∀ n, length (repeat x n) = n
| 0 := by calc length (repeat x 0)
               = length ([] : list α)         : rfl
           ... = 0                            : rfl
| (n+1) := by calc length (repeat x (n + 1))
                   = length (x :: repeat x n) : rfl
               ... = length (repeat x n) + 1  : rfl
               ... = n + 1                    : by rw length_repeat_1
 
-- 11ª demostración
lemma length_repeat_2 :
  ∀ n, length (repeat x n) = n
| 0     := by simp
| (n+1) := by simp [*]

import data.list.basic open nat open list set_option pp.structure_projections false variable {α : Type} variable (x : α) variable (n : ℕ) -- 1ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := begin induction n with n HI, { calc length (repeat x 0) = length [] : congr_arg length (repeat.equations._eqn_1 x) ... = 0 : length.equations._eqn_1 }, { calc length (repeat x (succ n)) = length (x :: repeat x n) : congr_arg length (repeat.equations._eqn_2 x n) ... = length (repeat x n) + 1 : length.equations._eqn_2 x (repeat x n) ... = n + 1 : congr_arg2 (+) HI rfl ... = succ n : rfl, }, end -- 2ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := begin induction n with n HI, { calc length (repeat x 0) = length [] : rfl ... = 0 : rfl }, { calc length (repeat x (succ n)) = length (x :: repeat x n) : rfl ... = length (repeat x n) + 1 : rfl ... = n + 1 : by rw HI ... = succ n : rfl, }, end -- 3ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := begin induction n with n HI, { refl, }, { dsimp, rw HI, }, end -- 4ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := begin induction n with n HI, { simp, }, { simp [HI], }, end -- 5ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := by induction n ; simp [*] -- 6ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := nat.rec_on n ( show length (repeat x 0) = 0, from calc length (repeat x 0) = length [] : rfl ... = 0 : rfl ) ( assume n, assume HI : length (repeat x n) = n, show length (repeat x (succ n)) = succ n, from calc length (repeat x (succ n)) = length (x :: repeat x n) : rfl ... = length (repeat x n) + 1 : rfl ... = n + 1 : by rw HI ... = succ n : rfl ) -- 7ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := nat.rec_on n ( by simp ) ( λ n HI, by simp [HI]) -- 8ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := length_repeat x n -- 9ª demostración example : length (repeat x n) = n := by simp -- 10ª demostración lemma length_repeat_1 : ∀ n, length (repeat x n) = n | 0 := by calc length (repeat x 0) = length ([] : list α) : rfl ... = 0 : rfl | (n+1) := by calc length (repeat x (n + 1)) = length (x :: repeat x n) : rfl ... = length (repeat x n) + 1 : rfl ... = n + 1 : by rw length_repeat_1 -- 11ª demostración lemma length_repeat_2 : ∀ n, length (repeat x n) = n | 0 := by simp | (n+1) := by simp [*]

Se puede interactuar con la prueba anterior en esta sesión con Lean.

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="lean"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

[expand title=»Soluciones con Isabelle/HOL»]

theory "Pruebas_de_length_(repeat_x_n)_Ig_n"
imports Main
begin
 
(* 1ª demostración⁾*)
lemma "length (replicate n x) = n"
proof (induct n)
  have "length (replicate 0 x) = length ([] :: 'a list)"
    by (simp only: replicate.simps(1))
  also have "… = 0"
    by (rule list.size(3))
  finally show "length (replicate 0 x) = 0"
    by this
next
  fix n
  assume HI : "length (replicate n x) = n"
  have "length (replicate (Suc n) x) =
        length (x # replicate n x)"
    by (simp only: replicate.simps(2))
  also have "… = length (replicate n x) + 1"
    by (simp only: list.size(4))
  also have "… = Suc n"
    by (simp only: HI)
  finally show "length (replicate (Suc n) x) = Suc n"
    by this
qed
 
(* 2ª demostración⁾*)
lemma "length (replicate n x) = n"
proof (induct n)
  show "length (replicate 0 x) = 0"
    by simp
next
  fix n
  assume "length (replicate n x) = n"
  then show "length (replicate (Suc n) x) = Suc n"
    by simp
qed
 
(* 3ª demostración⁾*)
lemma "length (replicate n x) = n"
proof (induct n)
  case 0
  then show ?case by simp
next
  case (Suc n)
  then show ?case by simp
qed
 
(* 4ª demostración⁾*)
lemma "length (replicate n x) = n"
  by (rule length_replicate)
 
end

En los comentarios se pueden escribir otras soluciones, escribiendo el código entre una línea con <pre lang="isar"> y otra con </pre>
[/expand]

Soluciones →

Etiqueta: IH.list.size

Pruebas de length (xs ++ ys) = length xs + length ys

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