reverse

Reducción de opuestos

PorJosé A. Alonso 18-abril-201826-abril-2018

Se considera el siguiente procedimiento de reducción de listas: busca un par de elementos consecutivos iguales pero con signos opuestos, se eliminan dichos elementos y se continúa el proceso hasta que no se encuentren pares de elementos consecutivos iguales pero con signos opuestos. Por ejemplo, la reducción de [-2,1,-1,2,3,4,-3] es

   [-2,1,-1,2,3,4,-3]    (se elimina el par (1,-1))
   -> [-2,2,3,4,-3]      (se elimina el par (-2,2))
   -> [3,4,-3]           (el par (3,-3) no son consecutivos)

[-2,1,-1,2,3,4,-3] (se elimina el par (1,-1))

-> [-2,2,3,4,-3] (se elimina el par (-2,2))

-> [3,4,-3] (el par (3,-3) no son consecutivos)

Definir la función

   reducida :: [Int] -> [Int]

1	reducida :: [Int] -> [Int]

tal que (reducida xs) es la lista obtenida aplicando a xs el de eliminación de pares de elementos consecutivos opuestos. Por ejemplo,

   reducida [-2,1,-1,2,3,4,-3]           == [3,4,-3]
   reducida [-2,1,-1,2,3,-4,4,-3]        == []
   reducida [-2,1,-1,2,5,3,-4,4,-3]      == [5]
   reducida [-2,1,-1,2,5,3,-4,4,-3,-5]   == []

reducida [-2,1,-1,2,3,4,-3] == [3,4,-3]

reducida [-2,1,-1,2,3,-4,4,-3] == []

reducida [-2,1,-1,2,5,3,-4,4,-3] == [5]

reducida [-2,1,-1,2,5,3,-4,4,-3,-5] == []

Soluciones

-- 1ª solución
-- ===========

reducida :: [Int] -> [Int]
reducida xs | xs == ys  = xs
            | otherwise = reducida ys
            where ys = paso xs

paso :: [Int] -> [Int]
paso [] = []
paso [x] = [x]
paso (x:y:zs) | x == -y   = paso zs
              | otherwise = x : paso (y:zs)

-- 2ª solución
-- ===========

reducida2 :: [Int] -> [Int]
reducida2 xs = aux xs []
    where aux [] ys                   = reverse ys
          aux (x:xs) (y:ys) | x == -y = aux xs ys
          aux (x:xs) ys               = aux xs (x:ys)

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- =========================

--    λ> reducida (take (10^7) (cycle [1,-1]))
--    []
--    (9.40 secs, 1,280,127,720 bytes)
--    λ> reducida2 (take (10^7) (cycle [1,-1]))
--    []
--    (12.16 secs, 2,080,127,560 bytes)

-- 1ª solución

-- ===========

reducida :: [Int] -> [Int]

reducida xs | xs == ys = xs

| otherwise = reducida ys

where ys = paso xs

paso :: [Int] -> [Int]

paso [] = []

paso [x] = [x]

paso (x:y:zs) | x == -y = paso zs

| otherwise = x : paso (y:zs)

-- 2ª solución

-- ===========

reducida2 :: [Int] -> [Int]

reducida2 xs = aux xs []

where aux [] ys = reverse ys

aux (x:xs) (y:ys) | x == -y = aux xs ys

aux (x:xs) ys = aux xs (x:ys)

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- =========================

-- λ> reducida (take (10^7) (cycle [1,-1]))

-- []

-- (9.40 secs, 1,280,127,720 bytes)

-- λ> reducida2 (take (10^7) (cycle [1,-1]))

-- []

-- (12.16 secs, 2,080,127,560 bytes)

Decidir si existe un subconjunto con suma dada

PorJosé A. Alonso 16-abril-201826-abril-2018

Sea S un conjunto finito de números naturales y m un número natural. El problema consiste en determinar si existe un subconjunto de S cuya suma es m. Por ejemplo, si S = [3,34,4,12,5,2] y m = 9, existe un subconjunto de S, [4,5], cuya suma es 9. En cambio, no hay ningún subconjunto de S que sume 13.

Definir la función

    existeSubSuma :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

1	existeSubSuma :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

tal que (existeSubSuma xs m) se verifica si existe algún subconjunto de xs que sume m. Por ejemplo,

    existeSubSuma [3,34,4,12,5,2] 9                == True
    existeSubSuma [3,34,4,12,5,2] 13               == False
    existeSubSuma ([3,34,4,12,5,2]++[20..400]) 13  == False
    existeSubSuma ([3,34,4,12,5,2]++[20..400]) 654 == True
    existeSubSuma [1..200] (sum [1..200])          == True

existeSubSuma [3,34,4,12,5,2] 9 == True

existeSubSuma [3,34,4,12,5,2] 13 == False

existeSubSuma ([3,34,4,12,5,2]++[20..400]) 13 == False

existeSubSuma ([3,34,4,12,5,2]++[20..400]) 654 == True

existeSubSuma [1..200] (sum [1..200]) == True

Soluciones

import Data.List  (subsequences, sort)
import Data.Array (Array, array, listArray, (!))
 
-- 1ª definición (Calculando todos los subconjuntos)
-- =================================================
 
existeSubSuma1 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool
existeSubSuma1 xs n =
  any (\ys -> sum ys == n) (subsequences xs)
 
-- 2ª definición (por recursión)
-- =============================
 
existeSubSuma2 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool
existeSubSuma2 _  0 = True
existeSubSuma2 [] _ = False
existeSubSuma2 (x:xs) n
  | n < x     = existeSubSuma2 xs n
  | otherwise = existeSubSuma2 xs (n-x) || existeSubSuma2 xs n 
  
-- 3ª definición (por programación dinámica)
-- =========================================
 
existeSubSuma3 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool
existeSubSuma3 xs n =
  matrizExisteSubSuma3 xs n ! (length xs,n) 
 
-- (matrizExisteSubSuma3 xs m) es la matriz q tal que q(i,j) se verifica
-- si existe algún subconjunto de (take i xs) que sume j. Por ejemplo,
--    λ> elems (matrizExisteSubSuma3 [1,3,5] 9)
--    [True,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,
--     True,True, False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,
--     True,True, False,True, True, False,False,False,False,False,
--     True,True, False,True, True, True, True, False,True, True]
-- Con las cabeceras,
--            0     1     2     3     4     5     6     7     8     9
--    []     [True,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,
--    [1]     True,True, False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,
--    [1,3]   True,True, False,True, True, False,False,False,False,False,
--    [1,3,5] True,True, False,True, True, True, True, False,True, True]
matrizExisteSubSuma3 :: [Int] -> Int -> Array (Int,Int) Bool
matrizExisteSubSuma3 xs n = q
  where m = length xs
        v = listArray (1,m) xs
        q = array ((0,0),(m,n)) [((i,j), f i j) | i <- [0..m],
                                                  j <- [0..n]]
        f _ 0 = True
        f 0 _ = False
        f i j | j < v ! i = q ! (i-1,j)
              | otherwise = q ! (i-1,j-v!i) || q ! (i-1,j)
 
-- 4ª definición (ordenando y por recursión)
-- =========================================
 
existeSubSuma4 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool
existeSubSuma4 xs = aux (sort xs)
  where aux _  0 = True
        aux [] _ = False
        aux (y:ys) n
          | y <= n    = aux ys (n-y) || aux ys n
          | otherwise = False
 
-- 5ª definición (ordenando y dinámica)
-- ====================================
 
existeSubSuma5 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool
existeSubSuma5 xs n =
  matrizExisteSubSuma5 (reverse (sort xs)) n ! (length xs,n) 
 
matrizExisteSubSuma5 :: [Int] -> Int -> Array (Int,Int) Bool
matrizExisteSubSuma5 xs n = q
  where m = length xs
        v = listArray (1,m) xs
        q = array ((0,0),(m,n)) [((i,j), f i j) | i <- [0..m],
                                                  j <- [0..n]]
        f _ 0 = True
        f 0 _ = False
        f i j | v ! i <= j = q ! (i-1,j-v!i) || q ! (i-1,j) 
              | otherwise  = False
 
-- Equivalencia
-- ============
 
prop_existeSubSuma :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool
prop_existeSubSuma xs n =
  all (== existeSubSuma2 ys m) [ existeSubSuma3 ys m
                               , existeSubSuma4 ys m
                               , existeSubSuma5 ys m ]
  where ys = map abs xs
        m  = abs n
 
-- La comprobación es
--    λ> quickCheck prop_existeSubSuma
--    +++ OK, passed 100 tests.
 
-- Comparación de eficiencia:
-- ==========================

--    λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma1 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (7.76 secs, 3,892,403,928 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma2 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (0.02 secs, 95,968 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma3 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (0.03 secs, 6,055,200 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma4 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (0.01 secs, 98,880 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma5 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (0.02 secs, 2,827,560 bytes)
  
--    λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma2 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (0.01 secs, 182,280 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma3 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (8.89 secs, 1,875,071,968 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma4 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (0.02 secs, 217,128 bytes)
--    λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma5 xs (sum xs)
--    True
--    (8.66 secs, 1,875,087,976 bytes)
--
--    λ> and [existeSubSuma2 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]
--    True
--    (2.82 secs, 323,372,512 bytes)
--    λ> and [existeSubSuma3 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]
--    True
--    (0.65 secs, 221,806,376 bytes)
--    λ> and [existeSubSuma4 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]
--    True
--    (4.12 secs, 535,153,152 bytes)
--    λ> and [existeSubSuma5 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]
--    True
--    (0.73 secs, 238,579,696 bytes)

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import Data.List (subsequences, sort)

import Data.Array (Array, array, listArray, (!))

-- 1ª definición (Calculando todos los subconjuntos)

-- =================================================

existeSubSuma1 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

existeSubSuma1 xs n =

any (\ys -> sum ys == n) (subsequences xs)

-- 2ª definición (por recursión)

-- =============================

existeSubSuma2 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

existeSubSuma2 _ 0 = True

existeSubSuma2 [] _ = False

existeSubSuma2 (x:xs) n

| n < x = existeSubSuma2 xs n

| otherwise = existeSubSuma2 xs (n-x) || existeSubSuma2 xs n

-- 3ª definición (por programación dinámica)

-- =========================================

existeSubSuma3 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

existeSubSuma3 xs n =

matrizExisteSubSuma3 xs n ! (length xs,n)

-- (matrizExisteSubSuma3 xs m) es la matriz q tal que q(i,j) se verifica

-- si existe algún subconjunto de (take i xs) que sume j. Por ejemplo,

-- λ> elems (matrizExisteSubSuma3 [1,3,5] 9)

-- [True,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,

-- True,True, False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,

-- True,True, False,True, True, False,False,False,False,False,

-- True,True, False,True, True, True, True, False,True, True]

-- Con las cabeceras,

-- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

-- [] [True,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,

-- [1] True,True, False,False,False,False,False,False,False,False,

-- [1,3] True,True, False,True, True, False,False,False,False,False,

-- [1,3,5] True,True, False,True, True, True, True, False,True, True]

matrizExisteSubSuma3 :: [Int] -> Int -> Array (Int,Int) Bool

matrizExisteSubSuma3 xs n = q

where m = length xs

v = listArray (1,m) xs

q = array ((0,0),(m,n)) [((i,j), f i j) | i <- [0..m],

j <- [0..n]]

f _ 0 = True

f 0 _ = False

f i j | j < v ! i = q ! (i-1,j)

| otherwise = q ! (i-1,j-v!i) || q ! (i-1,j)

-- 4ª definición (ordenando y por recursión)

-- =========================================

existeSubSuma4 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

existeSubSuma4 xs = aux (sort xs)

where aux _ 0 = True

aux [] _ = False

aux (y:ys) n

| y <= n = aux ys (n-y) || aux ys n

| otherwise = False

-- 5ª definición (ordenando y dinámica)

-- ====================================

existeSubSuma5 :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

existeSubSuma5 xs n =

matrizExisteSubSuma5 (reverse (sort xs)) n ! (length xs,n)

matrizExisteSubSuma5 :: [Int] -> Int -> Array (Int,Int) Bool

matrizExisteSubSuma5 xs n = q

where m = length xs

v = listArray (1,m) xs

q = array ((0,0),(m,n)) [((i,j), f i j) | i <- [0..m],

j <- [0..n]]

f _ 0 = True

f 0 _ = False

f i j | v ! i <= j = q ! (i-1,j-v!i) || q ! (i-1,j)

| otherwise = False

-- Equivalencia

-- ============

prop_existeSubSuma :: [Int] -> Int -> Bool

prop_existeSubSuma xs n =

all (== existeSubSuma2 ys m) [ existeSubSuma3 ys m

, existeSubSuma4 ys m

, existeSubSuma5 ys m ]

where ys = map abs xs

m = abs n

-- La comprobación es

-- λ> quickCheck prop_existeSubSuma

-- +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

-- Comparación de eficiencia:

-- ==========================

-- λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma1 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (7.76 secs, 3,892,403,928 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma2 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (0.02 secs, 95,968 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma3 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (0.03 secs, 6,055,200 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma4 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (0.01 secs, 98,880 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..22] in existeSubSuma5 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (0.02 secs, 2,827,560 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma2 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (0.01 secs, 182,280 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma3 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (8.89 secs, 1,875,071,968 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma4 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (0.02 secs, 217,128 bytes)

-- λ> let xs = [1..200] in existeSubSuma5 xs (sum xs)

-- True

-- (8.66 secs, 1,875,087,976 bytes)

-- λ> and [existeSubSuma2 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]

-- True

-- (2.82 secs, 323,372,512 bytes)

-- λ> and [existeSubSuma3 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]

-- True

-- (0.65 secs, 221,806,376 bytes)

-- λ> and [existeSubSuma4 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]

-- True

-- (4.12 secs, 535,153,152 bytes)

-- λ> and [existeSubSuma5 [1..20] n | n <- [1..sum [1..20]]]

-- True

-- (0.73 secs, 238,579,696 bytes)

Conjetura de Goldbach

PorJosé A. Alonso 21-marzo-201826-marzo-2022

Una forma de la conjetura de Golbach afirma que todo entero mayor que 1 se puede escribir como la suma de uno, dos o tres números primos.

Si se define el índice de Goldbach de n > 1 como la mínima cantidad de primos necesarios para que su suma sea n, entonces la conjetura de Goldbach afirma que todos los índices de Goldbach de los enteros mayores que 1 son menores que 4.

Definir las siguientes funciones

   indiceGoldbach  :: Int -> Int
   graficaGoldbach :: Int -> IO ()

1 2	indiceGoldbach :: Int -> Int graficaGoldbach :: Int -> IO ()

tales que

(indiceGoldbach n) es el índice de Goldbach de n. Por ejemplo,

     indiceGoldbach 2                        ==  1
     indiceGoldbach 4                        ==  2
     indiceGoldbach 27                       ==  3
     sum (map indiceGoldbach [2..5000])      ==  10619
     maximum (map indiceGoldbach [2..5000])  ==  3

indiceGoldbach 2 == 1

indiceGoldbach 4 == 2

indiceGoldbach 27 == 3

sum (map indiceGoldbach [2..5000]) == 10619

maximum (map indiceGoldbach [2..5000]) == 3

(graficaGoldbach n) dibuja la gráfica de los índices de Goldbach de los números entre 2 y n. Por ejemplo, (graficaGoldbach 150) dibuja

Comprobar con QuickCheck la conjetura de Goldbach anterior.

Soluciones

import Data.Array
import Data.Numbers.Primes
import Graphics.Gnuplot.Simple
import Test.QuickCheck


-- 1ª definición
-- =============

indiceGoldbach :: Int -> Int
indiceGoldbach n =
  minimum (map length (particiones n))

particiones :: Int -> [[Int]]
particiones n = v ! n where
  v = array (0,n) [(i,f i) | i <- [0..n]]
    where f 0 = [[]]
          f m = [x:y | x <- xs, 
                       y <- v ! (m-x), 
                       [x] >= take 1 y]
            where xs = reverse (takeWhile (<= m) primes)

-- 2ª definición
-- =============

indiceGoldbach2 :: Int -> Int
indiceGoldbach2 x =
  head [n | n <- [1..], esSumaDe x n]

-- (esSumaDe x n) se verifica si x se puede escribir como la suma de n
-- primos. Por ejemplo,
--    esSumaDe 2  1  ==  True
--    esSumaDe 4  1  ==  False
--    esSumaDe 4  2  ==  True
--    esSumaDe 27 2  ==  False
--    esSumaDe 27 3  ==  True
esSumaDe :: Int -> Int -> Bool
esSumaDe x 1 = isPrime x
esSumaDe x n = or [esSumaDe (x-p) (n-1) | p <- takeWhile (<= x) primes]

-- 3ª definición
-- =============

indiceGoldbach3 :: Int -> Int
indiceGoldbach3 x =
  head [n | n <- [1..], esSumaDe3 x n]

esSumaDe3 :: Int -> Int -> Bool
esSumaDe3 x n = a ! (x,n) where
  a = array ((2,1),(x,9)) [((i,j),f i j) | i <- [2..x], j <- [1..9]]
  f i 1 = isPrime i
  f i j = or [a!(i-k,j-1) | k <- takeWhile (<= i) primes]

-- 4ª definición
-- =============

indiceGoldbach4 :: Int -> Int
indiceGoldbach4 n = v ! n where
  v = array (2,n) [(i,f i) | i <- [2..n]]
  f i | isPrime i = 1
      | otherwise = 1 + minimum [v!(i-p) | p <- takeWhile (< (i-1)) primes]

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- =========================

--    λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach [2..80])
--    142
--    (2.66 secs, 1,194,330,496 bytes)
--    λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach2 [2..80])
--    142
--    (0.01 secs, 1,689,944 bytes)
--    λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach3 [2..80])
--    142
--    (0.03 secs, 27,319,296 bytes)
--    λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach4 [2..80])
--    142
--    (0.03 secs, 47,823,656 bytes)
--    
--    λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach2 [2..1000])
--    2030
--    (0.10 secs, 200,140,264 bytes)
--    λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach3 [2..1000])
--    2030
--    (3.10 secs, 4,687,467,664 bytes)

-- Gráfica
-- =======

graficaGoldbach :: Int -> IO ()
graficaGoldbach n =
  plotList [ Key Nothing
           , XRange (2,fromIntegral n)
           , PNG ("Conjetura_de_Goldbach_" ++ show n ++ ".png")
           ]
           [indiceGoldbach2 k | k <- [2..n]]

-- Comprobación de la conjetura de Goldbach
-- ========================================

-- La propiedad es
prop_Goldbach :: Int -> Property
prop_Goldbach x =
  x >= 2 ==> indiceGoldbach2 x < 4

-- La comprobación es
--    λ> quickCheck prop_Goldbach
--    +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

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import Data.Array

import Data.Numbers.Primes

import Graphics.Gnuplot.Simple

import Test.QuickCheck

-- 1ª definición

-- =============

indiceGoldbach :: Int -> Int

indiceGoldbach n =

minimum (map length (particiones n))

particiones :: Int -> [[Int]]

particiones n = v ! n where

v = array (0,n) [(i,f i) | i <- [0..n]]

where f 0 = [[]]

f m = [x:y | x <- xs,

y <- v ! (m-x),

[x] >= take 1 y]

where xs = reverse (takeWhile (<= m) primes)

-- 2ª definición

-- =============

indiceGoldbach2 :: Int -> Int

indiceGoldbach2 x =

head [n | n <- [1..], esSumaDe x n]

-- (esSumaDe x n) se verifica si x se puede escribir como la suma de n

-- primos. Por ejemplo,

-- esSumaDe 2 1 == True

-- esSumaDe 4 1 == False

-- esSumaDe 4 2 == True

-- esSumaDe 27 2 == False

-- esSumaDe 27 3 == True

esSumaDe :: Int -> Int -> Bool

esSumaDe x 1 = isPrime x

esSumaDe x n = or [esSumaDe (x-p) (n-1) | p <- takeWhile (<= x) primes]

-- 3ª definición

-- =============

indiceGoldbach3 :: Int -> Int

indiceGoldbach3 x =

head [n | n <- [1..], esSumaDe3 x n]

esSumaDe3 :: Int -> Int -> Bool

esSumaDe3 x n = a ! (x,n) where

a = array ((2,1),(x,9)) [((i,j),f i j) | i <- [2..x], j <- [1..9]]

f i 1 = isPrime i

f i j = or [a!(i-k,j-1) | k <- takeWhile (<= i) primes]

-- 4ª definición

-- =============

indiceGoldbach4 :: Int -> Int

indiceGoldbach4 n = v ! n where

v = array (2,n) [(i,f i) | i <- [2..n]]

f i | isPrime i = 1

| otherwise = 1 + minimum [v!(i-p) | p <- takeWhile (< (i-1)) primes]

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- =========================

-- λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach [2..80])

-- 142

-- (2.66 secs, 1,194,330,496 bytes)

-- λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach2 [2..80])

-- 142

-- (0.01 secs, 1,689,944 bytes)

-- λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach3 [2..80])

-- 142

-- (0.03 secs, 27,319,296 bytes)

-- λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach4 [2..80])

-- 142

-- (0.03 secs, 47,823,656 bytes)

-- λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach2 [2..1000])

-- 2030

-- (0.10 secs, 200,140,264 bytes)

-- λ> sum (map indiceGoldbach3 [2..1000])

-- 2030

-- (3.10 secs, 4,687,467,664 bytes)

-- Gráfica

-- =======

graficaGoldbach :: Int -> IO ()

graficaGoldbach n =

plotList [ Key Nothing

, XRange (2,fromIntegral n)

, PNG ("Conjetura_de_Goldbach_" ++ show n ++ ".png")

]

[indiceGoldbach2 k | k <- [2..n]]

-- Comprobación de la conjetura de Goldbach

-- ========================================

-- La propiedad es

prop_Goldbach :: Int -> Property

prop_Goldbach x =

x >= 2 ==> indiceGoldbach2 x < 4

-- La comprobación es

-- λ> quickCheck prop_Goldbach

-- +++ OK, passed 100 tests.

Particiones primas

PorJosé A. Alonso 20-marzo-201828-marzo-2018

Una partición prima de un número natural n es un conjunto de primos cuya suma es n. Por ejemplo, el número 7 tiene 7 particiones primas ya que

   7 = 7 = 5 + 2 = 3 + 2 + 2

1	7 = 7 = 5 + 2 = 3 + 2 + 2

Definir la función

   particiones :: Int -> [[Int]]

1	particiones :: Int -> [[Int]]

tal que (particiones n) es el comjunto de las particiones primas de n. Por ejemplo,

   particiones 7             ==  [[7],[5,2],[3,2,2]]
   particiones 8             ==  [[5,3],[3,3,2],[2,2,2,2]]
   particiones 9             ==  [[7,2],[5,2,2],[3,3,3],[3,2,2,2]]
   length (particiones 100)  ==  40899

particiones 7 == [[7],[5,2],[3,2,2]]

particiones 8 == [[5,3],[3,3,2],[2,2,2,2]]

particiones 9 == [[7,2],[5,2,2],[3,3,3],[3,2,2,2]]

length (particiones 100) == 40899

Soluciones

import Data.Numbers.Primes (primes)
import Data.Array          (Array, (!), array)

-- 1ª solución
-- ===========

particiones1 :: Int -> [[Int]]
particiones1 0 = [[]]
particiones1 n = [x:y | x <- xs, 
                        y <- particiones1 (n-x), 
                        [x] >= take 1 y]
  where xs = reverse (takeWhile (<= n) primes)

-- 2ª solución (con programación dinámica)
-- =======================================

particiones2 :: Int -> [[Int]]
particiones2 n = (vectorParticiones n) ! n

-- (vectorParticiones n) es el vector con índices de 0 a n tal que el
-- valor del índice k es la lista de las particiones primas de k. Por
-- ejemplo, 
--    λ> mapM_ print (elems (vectorParticiones 9))
--    [[]]
--    []
--    [[2]]
--    [[3]]
--    [[2,2]]
--    [[5],[3,2]]
--    [[3,3],[2,2,2]]
--    [[7],[5,2],[3,2,2]]
--    [[5,3],[3,3,2],[2,2,2,2]]
--    [[7,2],[5,2,2],[3,3,3],[3,2,2,2]]
--    λ> elems (vectorParticiones 9) == map particiones1 [0..9]
--    True
vectorParticiones :: Int -> Array Int [[Int]]
vectorParticiones n = v where
  v = array (0,n) [(i,f i) | i <- [0..n]]
    where f 0 = [[]]
          f m = [x:y | x <- xs, 
                       y <- v ! (m-x), 
                       [x] >= take 1 y]
            where xs = reverse (takeWhile (<= m) primes)

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- =========================

--    λ> length (particiones1 35)
--    175
--    (5.88 secs, 2,264,266,040 bytes)
--    λ> length (particiones2 35)
--    175
--    (0.02 secs, 1,521,560 bytes)

import Data.Numbers.Primes (primes)

import Data.Array (Array, (!), array)

-- 1ª solución

-- ===========

particiones1 :: Int -> [[Int]]

particiones1 0 = [[]]

particiones1 n = [x:y | x <- xs,

y <- particiones1 (n-x),

[x] >= take 1 y]

where xs = reverse (takeWhile (<= n) primes)

-- 2ª solución (con programación dinámica)

-- =======================================

particiones2 :: Int -> [[Int]]

particiones2 n = (vectorParticiones n) ! n

-- (vectorParticiones n) es el vector con índices de 0 a n tal que el

-- valor del índice k es la lista de las particiones primas de k. Por

-- ejemplo,

-- λ> mapM_ print (elems (vectorParticiones 9))

-- [[]]

-- []

-- [[2]]

-- [[3]]

-- [[2,2]]

-- [[5],[3,2]]

-- [[3,3],[2,2,2]]

-- [[7],[5,2],[3,2,2]]

-- [[5,3],[3,3,2],[2,2,2,2]]

-- [[7,2],[5,2,2],[3,3,3],[3,2,2,2]]

-- λ> elems (vectorParticiones 9) == map particiones1 [0..9]

-- True

vectorParticiones :: Int -> Array Int [[Int]]

vectorParticiones n = v where

v = array (0,n) [(i,f i) | i <- [0..n]]

where f 0 = [[]]

f m = [x:y | x <- xs,

y <- v ! (m-x),

[x] >= take 1 y]

where xs = reverse (takeWhile (<= m) primes)

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- =========================

-- λ> length (particiones1 35)

-- 175

-- (5.88 secs, 2,264,266,040 bytes)

-- λ> length (particiones2 35)

-- 175

-- (0.02 secs, 1,521,560 bytes)

Camino de máxima suma en una matriz

PorJosé A. Alonso 16-marzo-201825-abril-2021

Los caminos desde el extremo superior izquierdo (posición (1,1)) hasta el extremo inferior derecho (posición (3,4)) en la matriz

   (  1  6 11  2 )
   (  7 12  3  8 )
   (  3  8  4  9 )

( 1 6 11 2 )

( 7 12 3 8 )

( 3 8 4 9 )

moviéndose en cada paso una casilla hacia abajo o hacia la derecha, son los siguientes:

   1, 7,  3, 8, 4, 9
   1, 7, 12, 8, 4, 9
   1, 7, 12, 3, 4, 9
   1, 7, 12, 3, 8, 9
   1, 6, 12, 8, 4, 9
   1, 6, 12, 3, 4, 9
   1, 6, 12, 3, 8, 9
   1, 6, 11, 3, 4, 9
   1, 6, 11, 3, 8, 9
   1, 6, 11, 2, 8, 9

1, 7, 3, 8, 4, 9

1, 7, 12, 8, 4, 9

1, 7, 12, 3, 4, 9

1, 7, 12, 3, 8, 9

1, 6, 12, 8, 4, 9

1, 6, 12, 3, 4, 9

1, 6, 12, 3, 8, 9

1, 6, 11, 3, 4, 9

1, 6, 11, 3, 8, 9

1, 6, 11, 2, 8, 9

Las sumas de los caminos son 32, 41, 36, 40, 40, 35, 39, 34, 38 y 37, respectivamente. El camino de máxima suma es el segundo (1, 7, 12, 8, 4, 9) que tiene una suma de 41.

Definir la función

   caminoMaxSuma :: Matrix Int -> [Int]

1	caminoMaxSuma :: Matrix Int -> [Int]

tal que (caminoMaxSuma m) es un camino de máxima suma en la matriz m desde el extremo superior izquierdo hasta el extremo inferior derecho, moviéndose en cada paso una casilla hacia abajo o hacia la derecha. Por ejemplo,

   λ> caminoMaxSuma (fromLists [[1,6,11,2],[7,12,3,8],[3,8,4,9]])
   [1,7,12,8,4,9]
   λ> sum (caminoMaxSuma (fromList 500 500 [1..]))
   187001249

λ> caminoMaxSuma (fromLists [[1,6,11,2],[7,12,3,8],[3,8,4,9]])

[1,7,12,8,4,9]

λ> sum (caminoMaxSuma (fromList 500 500 [1..]))

187001249

Soluciones

import Data.Matrix

-- 1ª definición
-- =============

caminoMaxSuma1 :: Matrix Int -> [Int]
caminoMaxSuma1 m =
  head [c | c <- cs, sum c == k] 
  where cs = caminos1 m
        k  = maximum (map sum cs)

caminos1 :: Matrix Int -> [[Int]]
caminos1 m =
  map reverse (caminos1Aux m (nf,nc))
  where nf = nrows m
        nc = ncols m

-- (caminos1Aux p x) es la lista de los caminos invertidos en la matriz p
-- desde la posición (1,1) hasta la posición x. Por ejemplo,
caminos1Aux :: Matrix Int -> (Int,Int) -> [[Int]]
caminos1Aux m (1,1) = [[m!(1,1)]]
caminos1Aux m (1,j) = [[m!(1,k) | k <- [j,j-1..1]]]
caminos1Aux m (i,1) = [[m!(k,1) | k <- [i,i-1..1]]]
caminos1Aux m (i,j) = [m!(i,j) : xs
                      | xs <- caminos1Aux m (i,j-1) ++
                              caminos1Aux m (i-1,j)]

-- 2ª definición
-- =============

caminoMaxSuma2 :: Matrix Int -> [Int]
caminoMaxSuma2 m =
  head [c | c <- cs, sum c == k] 
  where cs = caminos2 m
        k  = maximum (map sum cs)

caminos2 :: Matrix Int -> [[Int]]
caminos2 m =
  map reverse (matrizCaminos m ! (nrows m, ncols m))

matrizCaminos :: Matrix Int -> Matrix [[Int]]
matrizCaminos m = q
  where
    q = matrix (nrows m) (ncols m) f
    f (1,y) = [[m!(1,z) | z <- [y,y-1..1]]]
    f (x,1) = [[m!(z,1) | z <- [x,x-1..1]]]
    f (x,y) = [m!(x,y) : cs | cs <- q!(x-1,y) ++ q!(x,y-1)]  

-- 3ª definición (con programación dinámica)
-- =========================================

caminoMaxSuma3 :: Matrix Int -> [Int]
caminoMaxSuma3 m = reverse (snd (q ! (nf,nc)))
  where nf = nrows m
        nc = ncols m
        q  = caminoMaxSumaAux m

caminoMaxSumaAux :: Matrix Int -> Matrix (Int,[Int])
caminoMaxSumaAux m = q 
  where
    nf = nrows m
    nc = ncols m
    q  = matrix nf nc f
      where
        f (1,1) = (m!(1,1),[m!(1,1)])
        f (1,j) = (k + m!(1,j), m!(1,j):xs)
          where (k,xs) = q!(1,j-1)
        f (i,1) = (k + m!(i,1), m!(i,1):xs)
          where (k,xs) = q!(i-1,1)        
        f (i,j) | k1 > k2   = (k1 + m!(i,j), m!(i,j):xs)
                | otherwise = (k2 + m!(i,j), m!(i,j):ys)
          where (k1,xs) = q!(i,j-1)
                (k2,ys) = q!(i-1,j)

-- Comparación de eficiencia
-- -------------------------

--    λ> length (caminoMaxSuma1 (fromList 11 11 [1..]))
--    21
--    (10.00 secs, 1,510,120,328 bytes)
--    λ> length (caminoMaxSuma2 (fromList 11 11 [1..]))
--    21
--    (3.84 secs, 745,918,544 bytes)
--    λ> length (caminoMaxSuma3 (fromList 11 11 [1..]))
--    21
--    (0.01 secs, 0 bytes)

import Data.Matrix

-- 1ª definición

-- =============

caminoMaxSuma1 :: Matrix Int -> [Int]

caminoMaxSuma1 m =

head [c | c <- cs, sum c == k]

where cs = caminos1 m

k = maximum (map sum cs)

caminos1 :: Matrix Int -> [[Int]]

caminos1 m =

map reverse (caminos1Aux m (nf,nc))

where nf = nrows m

nc = ncols m

-- (caminos1Aux p x) es la lista de los caminos invertidos en la matriz p

-- desde la posición (1,1) hasta la posición x. Por ejemplo,

caminos1Aux :: Matrix Int -> (Int,Int) -> [[Int]]

caminos1Aux m (1,1) = [[m!(1,1)]]

caminos1Aux m (1,j) = [[m!(1,k) | k <- [j,j-1..1]]]

caminos1Aux m (i,1) = [[m!(k,1) | k <- [i,i-1..1]]]

caminos1Aux m (i,j) = [m!(i,j) : xs

| xs <- caminos1Aux m (i,j-1) ++

caminos1Aux m (i-1,j)]

-- 2ª definición

-- =============

caminoMaxSuma2 :: Matrix Int -> [Int]

caminoMaxSuma2 m =

head [c | c <- cs, sum c == k]

where cs = caminos2 m

k = maximum (map sum cs)

caminos2 :: Matrix Int -> [[Int]]

caminos2 m =

map reverse (matrizCaminos m ! (nrows m, ncols m))

matrizCaminos :: Matrix Int -> Matrix [[Int]]

matrizCaminos m = q

where

q = matrix (nrows m) (ncols m) f

f (1,y) = [[m!(1,z) | z <- [y,y-1..1]]]

f (x,1) = [[m!(z,1) | z <- [x,x-1..1]]]

f (x,y) = [m!(x,y) : cs | cs <- q!(x-1,y) ++ q!(x,y-1)]

-- 3ª definición (con programación dinámica)

-- =========================================

caminoMaxSuma3 :: Matrix Int -> [Int]

caminoMaxSuma3 m = reverse (snd (q ! (nf,nc)))

where nf = nrows m

nc = ncols m

q = caminoMaxSumaAux m

caminoMaxSumaAux :: Matrix Int -> Matrix (Int,[Int])

caminoMaxSumaAux m = q

where

nf = nrows m

nc = ncols m

q = matrix nf nc f

where

f (1,1) = (m!(1,1),[m!(1,1)])

f (1,j) = (k + m!(1,j), m!(1,j):xs)

where (k,xs) = q!(1,j-1)

f (i,1) = (k + m!(i,1), m!(i,1):xs)

where (k,xs) = q!(i-1,1)

f (i,j) | k1 > k2 = (k1 + m!(i,j), m!(i,j):xs)

| otherwise = (k2 + m!(i,j), m!(i,j):ys)

where (k1,xs) = q!(i,j-1)

(k2,ys) = q!(i-1,j)

-- Comparación de eficiencia

-- -------------------------

-- λ> length (caminoMaxSuma1 (fromList 11 11 [1..]))

-- 21

-- (10.00 secs, 1,510,120,328 bytes)

-- λ> length (caminoMaxSuma2 (fromList 11 11 [1..]))

-- 21

-- (3.84 secs, 745,918,544 bytes)

-- λ> length (caminoMaxSuma3 (fromList 11 11 [1..]))

-- 21

-- (0.01 secs, 0 bytes)

Reducción de opuestos

Soluciones

Decidir si existe un subconjunto con suma dada

Soluciones

Conjetura de Goldbach

Soluciones

Particiones primas

Soluciones

Camino de máxima suma en una matriz

Soluciones

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