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	<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/api.php?action=feedcontributions&amp;feedformat=atom&amp;user=Ivamenjim</id>
	<title>Razonamiento automático (2016-17) - Contribuciones del usuario [es]</title>
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	<updated>2026-07-17T20:22:09Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Contribuciones del usuario</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1392</id>
		<title>Relación 10</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1392"/>
		<updated>2017-01-28T19:02:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R10: Formalización y argumentación con Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R10_Formalizacion_y_argmentacion&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  El objetivo de esta es relación formalizar y demostrar la corrección&lt;br /&gt;
  de los argumentos automáticamente y detalladamente usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt, no_ex y no_para_todo que demostramos&lt;br /&gt;
  a continuación. &lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_para_todo: &amp;quot;¬(∀x. P(x)) ⟹ ∃x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Formalizar, y demostrar la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Si la válvula está abierta o la monitorización está preparada,&lt;br /&gt;
     entonces se envía una señal de reconocimiento y un mensaje de&lt;br /&gt;
     funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador. Si se envía un mensaje &lt;br /&gt;
     de funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador o el sistema está en &lt;br /&gt;
     estado normal, entonces se aceptan las órdenes del operador. Por lo&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si la válvula está abierta, entonces se aceptan las órdenes&lt;br /&gt;
     del operador. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar A : La válvula está abierta.&lt;br /&gt;
       P : La monitorización está preparada.&lt;br /&gt;
       R : Envía una señal de reconocimiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       F : Envía un mensaje de funcionamiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       N : El sistema está en estado normal.&lt;br /&gt;
       O, AO, OK : Se aceptan órdenes del operador.&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Buscando, he detectado que &amp;#039;O&amp;#039; es un carácter especial en Isabelle y que forma parte de su&lt;br /&gt;
sintaxis pre-definida, por lo que da problemas a la hora de formalizar y demostrar &lt;br /&gt;
el argumento planteado. Por lo tanto, en su lugar he usado &amp;quot;AO: Se aceptan órdenes del operador&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;(A ∨ P) ⟶ (R ∧ F)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;(F ∨ N) ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 5: &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; using 1 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 6: &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule conjunct2)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 7: &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; using 6 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 8: &amp;quot;AO&amp;quot; using 2 7 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*danrodcha ferrenseg*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ej_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;A ∨ P ⟶ R ∧ F&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
          &amp;quot;F ∨ N ⟶ OK&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ OK&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
  with assms(1) have &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; by (rule conjE)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
  with assms(2) show &amp;quot;OK&amp;quot; by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Hay estudiantes inteligentes y hay estudiantes trabajadores. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, hay estudiantes inteligentes y trabajadores.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar I(x) para x es inteligente&lt;br /&gt;
       T(x) para x es trabajador&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim ferrenseg danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∃x. I(x)) ∧ (∃x. T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. (I(x) ∧ T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Encontrando el contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   I = {a1} &lt;br /&gt;
   x = a1&lt;br /&gt;
   T = {a2}&lt;br /&gt;
   xa = a2 &lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los hermanos tienen el mismo padre. Juan es hermano de Luis. Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
     es padre de Luis. Por tanto, Carlos es padre de Juan.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar H(x,y) para x es hermano de y&lt;br /&gt;
       P(x,y) para x es padre de y&lt;br /&gt;
       j      para Juan&lt;br /&gt;
       l      para Luis&lt;br /&gt;
       c      para Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y. P(x,y) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,y) ⟶ P(x,z)))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;H(j,l)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 3: &amp;quot;P(c,l)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;P(c,j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4 : &amp;quot;∀y. P(c,y) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,y) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 5 : &amp;quot;P(c,l) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,l) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6 : &amp;quot;(∀z. (H(z,l) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 7 : &amp;quot;H(j,l) ⟶ P(c,j)&amp;quot; using 6 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;P(c,j)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
qed    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* es casi igual que la anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ej_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;∀x y. P(x,y) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,y) ⟶ P(x,z)))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;H(j,l)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P(c,l)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;P(c,j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4 : &amp;quot;∀y. P(c,y) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,y) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;P(c,l) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,l) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;(∀z. (H(z,l) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using assms(3) by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;H(j,l) ⟶ P(c,j)&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;H(j,l)&amp;quot; using assms(2) by this&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los aficionados al fútbol aplauden a cualquier futbolista&lt;br /&gt;
     extranjero. Juanito no aplaude a futbolistas extranjeros. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si hay algún futbolista extranjero nacionalizado español,&lt;br /&gt;
     Juanito no es aficionado al fútbol.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar Af(x)   para x es aficicionado al fútbol&lt;br /&gt;
       Ap(x,y) para x aplaude a y&lt;br /&gt;
       E(x)    para x es un futbolista extranjero&lt;br /&gt;
       N(x)    para x es un futbolista nacionalizado español&lt;br /&gt;
       j       para Juanito&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ej_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;∀x y. Af(x) ∧ E(y) ⟶ Ap(x,y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
          &amp;quot;∀x. Ap(j,x) ⟶ ¬ E(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;(∃x. E(x) ∧ N(x)) ⟶ ¬Af(j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
  assume &amp;quot;∃x. E(x) ∧ N(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then obtain a where &amp;quot;E(a) ∧ N(a)&amp;quot; by (rule exE)&lt;br /&gt;
    hence &amp;quot;E(a)&amp;quot; by (rule conjE)&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;¬ Af(j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (rule notI)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;Af(j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      hence &amp;quot;Af(j) ∧ E(a)&amp;quot; using `E(a)` by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
      have &amp;quot;∀y. Af(j) ∧ E(y) ⟶ Ap(j,y)&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
      hence &amp;quot;Af(j) ∧ E(a) ⟶ Ap(j,a)&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
      hence &amp;quot;Ap(j,a)&amp;quot; using `Af(j) ∧ E(a)` by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
      have &amp;quot;Ap(j,a) ⟶ ¬ E(a)&amp;quot; using assms(2) by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
      hence &amp;quot;¬ E(a)&amp;quot; using `Ap(j,a)` by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
      thus False using `E(a)` by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y. Af(x) ∧ E(y) ⟶ Ap(x,y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. E(x) ∧ Ap(j,x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(∃x. E(x) ∧ N(x)) ⟶ ¬Af(j)&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
  proof (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
  assume 3: &amp;quot;∃x. E(x) ∧ N(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then obtain a where 4: &amp;quot;E(a) ∧ N(a)&amp;quot; by (rule exE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 5: &amp;quot;E(a)&amp;quot; by (rule conjunct1)&lt;br /&gt;
    show 6: &amp;quot;¬Af(j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (rule notI)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume 7: &amp;quot;Af(j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have 8: &amp;quot;Af(j) ∧ E(a)&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
      have 9: &amp;quot;∀y. Af(j) ∧ E(y) ⟶ Ap(j,y)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
      have 10: &amp;quot;Af(j) ∧ E(a) ⟶ Ap(j,a)&amp;quot; using 9 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
      have 11: &amp;quot;Ap(j,a)&amp;quot; using 10 8 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
      have 12: &amp;quot;E(a) ∧ Ap(j,a)&amp;quot; using 5 11 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
      have 13: &amp;quot;∃x. E(x) ∧ Ap(j,x)&amp;quot; using 12 by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; using 2 13 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     El esposo de la hermana de Toni es Roberto. La hermana de Toni es&lt;br /&gt;
     María. Por tanto, el esposo de María es Roberto. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar e(x) para el esposo de x&lt;br /&gt;
       h    para la hermana de Toni&lt;br /&gt;
       m    para María&lt;br /&gt;
       r    para Roberto&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;e(h) = r&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;h = m&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot;   &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;e(h) = e(m)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule arg_cong)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;e(m) = e(h)&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule sym)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule trans)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ej_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;e(h) = r&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          &amp;quot;h = m&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof -&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot; using assms(2) assms(1) by (rule subst)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1387</id>
		<title>Relación 10</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1387"/>
		<updated>2017-01-28T14:32:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R10: Formalización y argumentación con Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R10_Formalizacion_y_argmentacion&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  El objetivo de esta es relación formalizar y demostrar la corrección&lt;br /&gt;
  de los argumentos automáticamente y detalladamente usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt, no_ex y no_para_todo que demostramos&lt;br /&gt;
  a continuación. &lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_para_todo: &amp;quot;¬(∀x. P(x)) ⟹ ∃x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Formalizar, y demostrar la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Si la válvula está abierta o la monitorización está preparada,&lt;br /&gt;
     entonces se envía una señal de reconocimiento y un mensaje de&lt;br /&gt;
     funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador. Si se envía un mensaje &lt;br /&gt;
     de funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador o el sistema está en &lt;br /&gt;
     estado normal, entonces se aceptan las órdenes del operador. Por lo&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si la válvula está abierta, entonces se aceptan las órdenes&lt;br /&gt;
     del operador. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar A : La válvula está abierta.&lt;br /&gt;
       P : La monitorización está preparada.&lt;br /&gt;
       R : Envía una señal de reconocimiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       F : Envía un mensaje de funcionamiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       N : El sistema está en estado normal.&lt;br /&gt;
       O : Se aceptan órdenes del operador.&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Buscando, he detectado que &amp;#039;O&amp;#039; es un carácter especial en Isabelle y que forma parte de su&lt;br /&gt;
sintaxis pre-definida, por lo que da problemas a la hora de formalizar y demostrar &lt;br /&gt;
el argumento planteado. Por lo tanto, en su lugar he usado &amp;quot;AO: Se aceptan órdenes del operador&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;(A ∨ P) ⟶ (R ∧ F)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;(F ∨ N) ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 5: &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; using 1 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 6: &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule conjunct2)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 7: &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; using 6 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 8: &amp;quot;AO&amp;quot; using 2 7 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ej_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;A ∨ P ⟶ R ∧ F&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
          &amp;quot;F ∨ N ⟶ OK&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ OK&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
  with assms(1) have &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; by (rule conjE)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
  with assms(2) show &amp;quot;OK&amp;quot; by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Hay estudiantes inteligentes y hay estudiantes trabajadores. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, hay estudiantes inteligentes y trabajadores.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar I(x) para x es inteligente&lt;br /&gt;
       T(x) para x es trabajador&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim ferrenseg danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∃x. I(x)) ∧ (∃x. T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. (I(x) ∧ T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Encontrando el contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   I = {a1} &lt;br /&gt;
   x = a1&lt;br /&gt;
   T = {a2}&lt;br /&gt;
   xa = a2 &lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los hermanos tienen el mismo padre. Juan es hermano de Luis. Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
     es padre de Luis. Por tanto, Carlos es padre de Juan.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar H(x,y) para x es hermano de y&lt;br /&gt;
       P(x,y) para x es padre de y&lt;br /&gt;
       j      para Juan&lt;br /&gt;
       l      para Luis&lt;br /&gt;
       c      para Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y. P(x,y) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,y) ⟶ P(x,z)))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;H(j,l)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 3: &amp;quot;P(c,l)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;P(c,j)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4 : &amp;quot;∀y. P(c,y) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,y) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 5 : &amp;quot;P(c,l) ⟶ (∀z. (H(z,l) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6 : &amp;quot;(∀z. (H(z,l) ⟶ P(c,z)))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 7 : &amp;quot;H(j,l) ⟶ P(c,j)&amp;quot; using 6 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;P(c,j)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
qed    &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los aficionados al fútbol aplauden a cualquier futbolista&lt;br /&gt;
     extranjero. Juanito no aplaude a futbolistas extranjeros. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si hay algún futbolista extranjero nacionalizado español,&lt;br /&gt;
     Juanito no es aficionado al fútbol.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar Af(x)   para x es aficicionado al fútbol&lt;br /&gt;
       Ap(x,y) para x aplaude a y&lt;br /&gt;
       E(x)    para x es un futbolista extranjero&lt;br /&gt;
       N(x)    para x es un futbolista nacionalizado español&lt;br /&gt;
       j       para Juanito&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     El esposo de la hermana de Toni es Roberto. La hermana de Toni es&lt;br /&gt;
     María. Por tanto, el esposo de María es Roberto. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar e(x) para el esposo de x&lt;br /&gt;
       h    para la hermana de Toni&lt;br /&gt;
       m    para María&lt;br /&gt;
       r    para Roberto&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;e(h) = r&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;h = m&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot;   &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;e(h) = e(m)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule arg_cong)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;e(m) = e(h)&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule sym)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule trans)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1386</id>
		<title>Relación 10</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1386"/>
		<updated>2017-01-27T18:10:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R10: Formalización y argumentación con Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R10_Formalizacion_y_argmentacion&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  El objetivo de esta es relación formalizar y demostrar la corrección&lt;br /&gt;
  de los argumentos automáticamente y detalladamente usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt, no_ex y no_para_todo que demostramos&lt;br /&gt;
  a continuación. &lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_para_todo: &amp;quot;¬(∀x. P(x)) ⟹ ∃x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Formalizar, y demostrar la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Si la válvula está abierta o la monitorización está preparada,&lt;br /&gt;
     entonces se envía una señal de reconocimiento y un mensaje de&lt;br /&gt;
     funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador. Si se envía un mensaje &lt;br /&gt;
     de funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador o el sistema está en &lt;br /&gt;
     estado normal, entonces se aceptan las órdenes del operador. Por lo&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si la válvula está abierta, entonces se aceptan las órdenes&lt;br /&gt;
     del operador. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar A : La válvula está abierta.&lt;br /&gt;
       P : La monitorización está preparada.&lt;br /&gt;
       R : Envía una señal de reconocimiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       F : Envía un mensaje de funcionamiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       N : El sistema está en estado normal.&lt;br /&gt;
       O : Se aceptan órdenes del operador.&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Buscando, he detectado que &amp;#039;O&amp;#039; es un carácter especial en Isabelle y que forma parte de su&lt;br /&gt;
sintaxis pre-definida, por lo que da problemas a la hora de formalizar y demostrar &lt;br /&gt;
el argumento planteado. Por lo tanto, en su lugar he usado &amp;quot;AO: Se aceptan órdenes del operador&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;(A ∨ P) ⟶ (R ∧ F)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;(F ∨ N) ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 5: &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; using 1 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 6: &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule conjunct2)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 7: &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; using 6 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 8: &amp;quot;AO&amp;quot; using 2 7 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ej_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;A ∨ P ⟶ R ∧ F&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
          &amp;quot;F ∨ N ⟶ OK&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ OK&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
  with assms(1) have &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; by (rule conjE)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
  with assms(2) show &amp;quot;OK&amp;quot; by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Hay estudiantes inteligentes y hay estudiantes trabajadores. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, hay estudiantes inteligentes y trabajadores.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar I(x) para x es inteligente&lt;br /&gt;
       T(x) para x es trabajador&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim ferrenseg danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∃x. I(x)) ∧ (∃x. T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. (I(x) ∧ T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Encontrando el contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   I = {a1} &lt;br /&gt;
   x = a1&lt;br /&gt;
   T = {a2}&lt;br /&gt;
   xa = a2 &lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los hermanos tienen el mismo padre. Juan es hermano de Luis. Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
     es padre de Luis. Por tanto, Carlos es padre de Juan.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar H(x,y) para x es hermano de y&lt;br /&gt;
       P(x,y) para x es padre de y&lt;br /&gt;
       j      para Juan&lt;br /&gt;
       l      para Luis&lt;br /&gt;
       c      para Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los aficionados al fútbol aplauden a cualquier futbolista&lt;br /&gt;
     extranjero. Juanito no aplaude a futbolistas extranjeros. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si hay algún futbolista extranjero nacionalizado español,&lt;br /&gt;
     Juanito no es aficionado al fútbol.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar Af(x)   para x es aficicionado al fútbol&lt;br /&gt;
       Ap(x,y) para x aplaude a y&lt;br /&gt;
       E(x)    para x es un futbolista extranjero&lt;br /&gt;
       N(x)    para x es un futbolista nacionalizado español&lt;br /&gt;
       j       para Juanito&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     El esposo de la hermana de Toni es Roberto. La hermana de Toni es&lt;br /&gt;
     María. Por tanto, el esposo de María es Roberto. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar e(x) para el esposo de x&lt;br /&gt;
       h    para la hermana de Toni&lt;br /&gt;
       m    para María&lt;br /&gt;
       r    para Roberto&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;e(h) = r&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;h = m&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot;   &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;e(h) = e(m)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule arg_cong)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;e(m) = e(h)&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule sym)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;e(m) = r&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule trans)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1381</id>
		<title>Relación 10</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1381"/>
		<updated>2017-01-26T21:01:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R10: Formalización y argumentación con Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R10_Formalizacion_y_argmentacion&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  El objetivo de esta es relación formalizar y demostrar la corrección&lt;br /&gt;
  de los argumentos automáticamente y detalladamente usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt, no_ex y no_para_todo que demostramos&lt;br /&gt;
  a continuación. &lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_para_todo: &amp;quot;¬(∀x. P(x)) ⟹ ∃x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Formalizar, y demostrar la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Si la válvula está abierta o la monitorización está preparada,&lt;br /&gt;
     entonces se envía una señal de reconocimiento y un mensaje de&lt;br /&gt;
     funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador. Si se envía un mensaje &lt;br /&gt;
     de funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador o el sistema está en &lt;br /&gt;
     estado normal, entonces se aceptan las órdenes del operador. Por lo&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si la válvula está abierta, entonces se aceptan las órdenes&lt;br /&gt;
     del operador. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar A : La válvula está abierta.&lt;br /&gt;
       P : La monitorización está preparada.&lt;br /&gt;
       R : Envía una señal de reconocimiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       F : Envía un mensaje de funcionamiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       N : El sistema está en estado normal.&lt;br /&gt;
       O : Se aceptan órdenes del operador.&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Buscando, he detectado que &amp;#039;O&amp;#039; es un carácter especial en Isabelle y que forma parte de su&lt;br /&gt;
sintaxis pre-definida, por lo que da problemas a la hora de formalizar y demostrar &lt;br /&gt;
el argumento planteado. Por lo tanto, en su lugar he usado &amp;quot;AO: Se aceptan órdenes del operador&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;(A ∨ P) ⟶ (R ∧ F)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;(F ∨ N) ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 5: &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; using 1 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 6: &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule conjunct2)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 7: &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; using 6 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 8: &amp;quot;AO&amp;quot; using 2 7 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Hay estudiantes inteligentes y hay estudiantes trabajadores. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, hay estudiantes inteligentes y trabajadores.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar I(x) para x es inteligente&lt;br /&gt;
       T(x) para x es trabajador&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∃x. I(x)) ∧ (∃x. T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. (I(x) ∧ T(x))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Encontrando el contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   I = {a1} &lt;br /&gt;
   x = a1&lt;br /&gt;
   T = {a2}&lt;br /&gt;
   xa = a2 &lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los hermanos tienen el mismo padre. Juan es hermano de Luis. Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
     es padre de Luis. Por tanto, Carlos es padre de Juan.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar H(x,y) para x es hermano de y&lt;br /&gt;
       P(x,y) para x es padre de y&lt;br /&gt;
       j      para Juan&lt;br /&gt;
       l      para Luis&lt;br /&gt;
       c      para Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los aficionados al fútbol aplauden a cualquier futbolista&lt;br /&gt;
     extranjero. Juanito no aplaude a futbolistas extranjeros. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si hay algún futbolista extranjero nacionalizado español,&lt;br /&gt;
     Juanito no es aficionado al fútbol.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar Af(x)   para x es aficicionado al fútbol&lt;br /&gt;
       Ap(x,y) para x aplaude a y&lt;br /&gt;
       E(x)    para x es un futbolista extranjero&lt;br /&gt;
       N(x)    para x es un futbolista nacionalizado español&lt;br /&gt;
       j       para Juanito&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     El esposo de la hermana de Toni es Roberto. La hermana de Toni es&lt;br /&gt;
     María. Por tanto, el esposo de María es Roberto. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar e(x) para el esposo de x&lt;br /&gt;
       h    para la hermana de Toni&lt;br /&gt;
       m    para María&lt;br /&gt;
       r    para Roberto&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1380</id>
		<title>Relación 10</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_10&amp;diff=1380"/>
		<updated>2017-01-26T20:19:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R10: Formalización y argumentación con Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R10_Formalizacion_y_argmentacion&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  El objetivo de esta es relación formalizar y demostrar la corrección&lt;br /&gt;
  de los argumentos automáticamente y detalladamente usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt, no_ex y no_para_todo que demostramos&lt;br /&gt;
  a continuación. &lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_para_todo: &amp;quot;¬(∀x. P(x)) ⟹ ∃x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Formalizar, y demostrar la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Si la válvula está abierta o la monitorización está preparada,&lt;br /&gt;
     entonces se envía una señal de reconocimiento y un mensaje de&lt;br /&gt;
     funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador. Si se envía un mensaje &lt;br /&gt;
     de funcionamiento al controlador del ordenador o el sistema está en &lt;br /&gt;
     estado normal, entonces se aceptan las órdenes del operador. Por lo&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si la válvula está abierta, entonces se aceptan las órdenes&lt;br /&gt;
     del operador. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar A : La válvula está abierta.&lt;br /&gt;
       P : La monitorización está preparada.&lt;br /&gt;
       R : Envía una señal de reconocimiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       F : Envía un mensaje de funcionamiento.&lt;br /&gt;
       N : El sistema está en estado normal.&lt;br /&gt;
       O : Se aceptan órdenes del operador.&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Buscando, he detectado que &amp;#039;O&amp;#039; es un carácter especial en Isabelle y que forma parte de su&lt;br /&gt;
sintaxis pre-definida, por lo que da problemas a la hora de formalizar y demostrar &lt;br /&gt;
el argumento planteado. Por lo tanto, en su lugar he usado &amp;quot;AO: Se aceptan órdenes del operador&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;(A ∨ P) ⟶ (R ∧ F)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;(F ∨ N) ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;A&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;A ∨ P&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 5: &amp;quot;R ∧ F&amp;quot; using 1 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 6: &amp;quot;F&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule conjunct2)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 7: &amp;quot;F ∨ N&amp;quot; using 6 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 8: &amp;quot;AO&amp;quot; using 2 7 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;A ⟶ AO&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Hay estudiantes inteligentes y hay estudiantes trabajadores. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, hay estudiantes inteligentes y trabajadores.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar I(x) para x es inteligente&lt;br /&gt;
       T(x) para x es trabajador&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los hermanos tienen el mismo padre. Juan es hermano de Luis. Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
     es padre de Luis. Por tanto, Carlos es padre de Juan.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar H(x,y) para x es hermano de y&lt;br /&gt;
       P(x,y) para x es padre de y&lt;br /&gt;
       j      para Juan&lt;br /&gt;
       l      para Luis&lt;br /&gt;
       c      para Carlos&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     Los aficionados al fútbol aplauden a cualquier futbolista&lt;br /&gt;
     extranjero. Juanito no aplaude a futbolistas extranjeros. Por&lt;br /&gt;
     tanto, si hay algún futbolista extranjero nacionalizado español,&lt;br /&gt;
     Juanito no es aficionado al fútbol.&lt;br /&gt;
  Usar Af(x)   para x es aficicionado al fútbol&lt;br /&gt;
       Ap(x,y) para x aplaude a y&lt;br /&gt;
       E(x)    para x es un futbolista extranjero&lt;br /&gt;
       N(x)    para x es un futbolista nacionalizado español&lt;br /&gt;
       j       para Juanito&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Formalizar, y decidir la corrección, del siguiente&lt;br /&gt;
  argumento &lt;br /&gt;
     El esposo de la hermana de Toni es Roberto. La hermana de Toni es&lt;br /&gt;
     María. Por tanto, el esposo de María es Roberto. &lt;br /&gt;
  Usar e(x) para el esposo de x&lt;br /&gt;
       h    para la hermana de Toni&lt;br /&gt;
       m    para María&lt;br /&gt;
       r    para Roberto&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1354</id>
		<title>Relación 9</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1354"/>
		<updated>2017-01-25T17:17:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R9: Deducción natural LPO en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R9_Deduccion_natural_LPO&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x) ⊢ ∃x. P a ⟶ Q x &lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor ferrenseg juacabsou *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 {assume 1: &amp;quot;P a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have 2: &amp;quot;∃x. Q x&amp;quot; using assms 1 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
 then obtain b where 3: &amp;quot;Q b&amp;quot; by (rule exE)          &lt;br /&gt;
(* No sé por qué salta un aviso aquí. Aún así, sin esto no se finaliza correctamente la demostración, y con ello sí. *)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 4: &amp;quot;(P a) ⟶ (Q b)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show 5: &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_1:  &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2: &amp;quot;P a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 3: &amp;quot;(∃x. Q x)&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   obtain b where 4: &amp;quot;Q b&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule exE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;P a ⟶ Q b&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 6: &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by (rule exI)}&lt;br /&gt;
   then show &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       {∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z, &lt;br /&gt;
        ∀x. ¬(R x x)}&lt;br /&gt;
       ⊢ ∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor ferrenseg ivamenjim marcarmor13 serrodcal juacabsou marpoldia1 crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes R :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x. ¬(R x x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule allI)&lt;br /&gt;
fix x&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;∀y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
 proof (rule allI) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix y&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;R x y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 4: &amp;quot;R y x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have 5: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
    also have 6: &amp;quot;∀ z1 z2. R x z1 ∧ R z1 z2 ⟶ R x z2&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 7: &amp;quot;∀ z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 8: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x ⟶ R x x&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 9: &amp;quot;R x x&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
    have 10: &amp;quot;¬(R x x)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 11: &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; using 9 by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 12: &amp;quot;¬ (R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule notI)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Semejante al anterior, pero indicando que se pruebe por la regla correspondiente *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x. ¬(R x x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule allI)&lt;br /&gt;
fix x&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;∀y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
 proof (rule allI) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix y&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;R x y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 4: &amp;quot;R y x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have 5: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x&amp;quot; using 3 4 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    have 6: &amp;quot;∀ y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 7: &amp;quot;∀ z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 8: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x ⟶ R x x&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 9: &amp;quot;R x x&amp;quot; using 5 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    have 10: &amp;quot;¬(R x x)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 11: &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; using 9 ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 12: &amp;quot;¬ (R y x)&amp;quot; ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
       (∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim ferrenseg paupeddeg serrodcal juacabsou marpoldia1 crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;(∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Y se encuentra el contraejemplo: P = (λx. undefined)(a1 := {a2}, a2 := {a1}) *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;P x y = (x=y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio3:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀x. P a x x, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)⟧&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀x. P a x x&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 5:&amp;quot;∀y z. P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;∀z. P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 7:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 8:&amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using 7 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor serrodcal crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x. P a x x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x y z.  P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot; ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;∀y z.  P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 5: &amp;quot;∀z.  P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 6: &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg juacabsou marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; ∀x. P a x x &amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
          &amp;quot; ∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;∀ y z. P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using assms(2) by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;∀z. P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot;  by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot;  by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using `P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))` `P a (f a) (f a)`  by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀y. Q a y, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)} &lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. Qa z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3:&amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 4:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 5:&amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 6 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot; ∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 5: &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 6: &amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 6 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot; by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg serrodcal juacabsou marpoldia1 crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
          &amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using assms(2) by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using `Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))` `Q a (s a)` by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using `Q a (s a)` `Q (s a) (s (s a))` by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1342</id>
		<title>Relación 9</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1342"/>
		<updated>2017-01-22T14:00:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R9: Deducción natural LPO en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R9_Deduccion_natural_LPO&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x) ⊢ ∃x. P a ⟶ Q x &lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 {assume 1: &amp;quot;P a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have 2: &amp;quot;∃x. Q x&amp;quot; using assms 1 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
 then obtain b where 3: &amp;quot;Q b&amp;quot; by (rule exE)          &lt;br /&gt;
(* No sé por qué salta un aviso aquí. Aún así, sin esto no se finaliza correctamente la demostración, y con ello sí. *)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 4: &amp;quot;(P a) ⟶ (Q b)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show 5: &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Si se pone todo seguido, solo sale fallo en qed al final y no entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_1:  &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   assume 2: &amp;quot;P a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 3: &amp;quot;(∃x. Q x)&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   obtain b where 4: &amp;quot;Q b&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule exE)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 5: &amp;quot;P a ⟶ Q b&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by (rule exI) &lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       {∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z, &lt;br /&gt;
        ∀x. ¬(R x x)}&lt;br /&gt;
       ⊢ ∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes R :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x. ¬(R x x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule allI)&lt;br /&gt;
fix x&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;∀y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
 proof (rule allI) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix y&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;R x y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 4: &amp;quot;R y x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have 5: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
    also have 6: &amp;quot;∀ z1 z2. R x z1 ∧ R z1 z2 ⟶ R x z2&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 7: &amp;quot;∀ z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 8: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x ⟶ R x x&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 9: &amp;quot;R x x&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
    have 10: &amp;quot;¬(R x x)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 11: &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; using 9 by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 12: &amp;quot;¬ (R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule notI)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Semejante al anterior, pero indicando que se pruebe por la regla correspondiente *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x. ¬(R x x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule allI)&lt;br /&gt;
fix x&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;∀y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
 proof (rule allI) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix y&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;R x y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 4: &amp;quot;R y x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have 5: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x&amp;quot; using 3 4 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    have 6: &amp;quot;∀ y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 7: &amp;quot;∀ z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 8: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x ⟶ R x x&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 9: &amp;quot;R x x&amp;quot; using 5 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    have 10: &amp;quot;¬(R x x)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 11: &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; using 9 ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 12: &amp;quot;¬ (R y x)&amp;quot; ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
       (∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim ferrenseg*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;(∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Y se encuentra el contraejemplo: P = (λx. undefined)(a1 := {a2}, a2 := {a1}) *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;P x y = (x=y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio3:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀x. P a x x, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)⟧&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀x. P a x x&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 5:&amp;quot;∀y z. P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;∀z. P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 7:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 8:&amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using 7 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x. P a x x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x y z.  P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot; ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;∀y z.  P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 5: &amp;quot;∀z.  P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 6: &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀y. Q a y, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)} &lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. Qa z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3:&amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 4:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 5:&amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 6 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot; ∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 5: &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 6: &amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 6 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot; by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1341</id>
		<title>Relación 9</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1341"/>
		<updated>2017-01-22T13:30:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R9: Deducción natural LPO en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R9_Deduccion_natural_LPO&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x) ⊢ ∃x. P a ⟶ Q x &lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 {assume 1: &amp;quot;P a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have 2: &amp;quot;∃x. Q x&amp;quot; using assms 1 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
 then obtain b where 3: &amp;quot;Q b&amp;quot; by (rule exE)          &lt;br /&gt;
(* No sé por qué salta un aviso aquí. Aún así, sin esto no se finaliza correctamente la demostración, y con ello sí. *)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 4: &amp;quot;(P a) ⟶ (Q b)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show 5: &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Si se pone todo seguido, solo sale fallo en qed al final y no entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:  &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   assume 2: &amp;quot;P a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have 3: &amp;quot;(∃x. Q x)&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
   obtain b where 4: &amp;quot;Q b&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule exE)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 5: &amp;quot;P a ⟶ Q b&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by (rule exI) &lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       {∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z, &lt;br /&gt;
        ∀x. ¬(R x x)}&lt;br /&gt;
       ⊢ ∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes R :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x. ¬(R x x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule allI)&lt;br /&gt;
fix x&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;∀y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
 proof (rule allI) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix y&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;R x y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 4: &amp;quot;R y x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have 5: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
    also have 6: &amp;quot;∀ z1 z2. R x z1 ∧ R z1 z2 ⟶ R x z2&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 7: &amp;quot;∀ z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 8: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x ⟶ R x x&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 9: &amp;quot;R x x&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
    have 10: &amp;quot;¬(R x x)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 11: &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; using 9 by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 12: &amp;quot;¬ (R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule notI)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
       (∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim ferrenseg*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;(∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Y se encuentra el contraejemplo: P = (λx. undefined)(a1 := {a2}, a2 := {a1}) *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;P x y = (x=y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio3:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀x. P a x x, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)⟧&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀x. P a x x&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 5:&amp;quot;∀y z. P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;∀z. P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 7:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 8:&amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using 7 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x. P a x x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x y z.  P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot; ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;∀y z.  P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 5: &amp;quot;∀z.  P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 6: &amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀y. Q a y, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)} &lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. Qa z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3:&amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 4:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 5:&amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 6 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot; ∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 5: &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 6: &amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 6 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot; by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1338</id>
		<title>Relación 9</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1338"/>
		<updated>2017-01-21T19:53:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R9: Deducción natural LPO en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R9_Deduccion_natural_LPO&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x) ⊢ ∃x. P a ⟶ Q x &lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 {assume 1: &amp;quot;P a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have 2: &amp;quot;∃x. Q x&amp;quot; using assms 1 by (rule mp)}&lt;br /&gt;
 then obtain b where 3: &amp;quot;Q b&amp;quot; by (rule exE)          &lt;br /&gt;
(* No sé por qué salta un aviso aquí. Aún así, sin esto no se finaliza correctamente la demostración, y con ello sí. *)&lt;br /&gt;
 then have 4: &amp;quot;(P a) ⟶ (Q b)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 then show 5: &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot; by (rule exI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       {∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z, &lt;br /&gt;
        ∀x. ¬(R x x)}&lt;br /&gt;
       ⊢ ∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes R :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ &amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 2: &amp;quot;∀x. ¬(R x x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (rule allI)&lt;br /&gt;
fix x&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;∀y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
 proof (rule allI) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix y&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 3: &amp;quot;R x y&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 4: &amp;quot;R y x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have 5: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
    also have 6: &amp;quot;∀ z1 z2. R x z1 ∧ R z1 z2 ⟶ R x z2&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 7: &amp;quot;∀ z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 8: &amp;quot;R x y ∧ R y x ⟶ R x x&amp;quot; by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 9: &amp;quot;R x x&amp;quot; using 5 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
    have 10: &amp;quot;¬(R x x)&amp;quot; using 2 by (rule allE)&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 11: &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; using 9 by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 12: &amp;quot;¬ (R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule notI)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
       (∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim ferrenseg*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;(∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Y se encuentra el contraejemplo: P = (λx. undefined)(a1 := {a2}, a2 := {a1}) *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun P :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;P x y = (x=y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio3:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀x. P a x x, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)⟧&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀x. P a x x&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 5:&amp;quot;∀y z. P a y z ⟶ P (f a) y (f z)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;∀z. P a (f a) z ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f z)&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 7:&amp;quot;P a (f a) (f a) ⟶ P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 8:&amp;quot;P (f a) (f a) (f (f a))&amp;quot; using 7 4 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀y. Q a y, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)} &lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. Qa z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y&amp;quot; and 2:&amp;quot;∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;∃z. Q a z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3:&amp;quot;Q a (s a)&amp;quot; using 1 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  also have 4:&amp;quot;∀y. Q a y ⟶ Q (s a) (s y)&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 5:&amp;quot;Q a (s a) ⟶ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
  then have 6:&amp;quot;Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule mp)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;Q a (s a) ∧ Q (s a) (s (s a))&amp;quot; using 3 6 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1330</id>
		<title>Relación 9</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_9&amp;diff=1330"/>
		<updated>2017-01-20T00:35:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R9: Deducción natural LPO en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R9_Deduccion_natural_LPO&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x) ⊢ ∃x. P a ⟶ Q x &lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1: &lt;br /&gt;
  fixes P Q :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;b ⇒ bool&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;P a ⟶ (∃x. Q x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;∃x. P a ⟶ Q x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
  &lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
       {∀x y z. R x y ∧ R y z ⟶ R x z, &lt;br /&gt;
        ∀x. ¬(R x x)}&lt;br /&gt;
       ⊢ ∀x y. R x y ⟶ ¬(R y x)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
       (∀x. ∃y. P x y) ⟶ (∃y. ∀x. P x y)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;(∀x. ∃y. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows   &amp;quot;(∃y. ∀x. P x y)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Y se encuentra el contraejemplo: P = (λx. undefined)(a1 := {a2}, a2 := {a1}) *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀x. P a x x, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y z. P x y z ⟶ P (f x) y (f z)⟧&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. P (f a) z (f (f a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     {∀y. Q a y, &lt;br /&gt;
      ∀x y. Q x y ⟶ Q (s x) (s y)} &lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ ∃z. Qa z ∧ Q z (s (s a))&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1265</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1265"/>
		<updated>2017-01-15T15:00:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ejercicio2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by  (rule disjI1)  &lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬q&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_2_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3_2:  &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  by (rule conjunct1)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using `¬¬p` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using `¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q`  by (rule conjunct2) &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using `¬¬q` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux: &amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q) ⟹ ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule aux)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 2 ..&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
( * pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes  &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows    &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{ assume 2: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 hence &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; by (rule ejercicio_3_2)  &lt;br /&gt;
 with assms(1) have  &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; .. } &lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;     &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 1:&amp;quot;q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1264</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1264"/>
		<updated>2017-01-15T14:34:54Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ejercicio2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by  (rule disjI1)  &lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬q&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_2_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3_2:  &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  by (rule conjunct1)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using `¬¬p` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using `¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q`  by (rule conjunct2) &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using `¬¬q` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
( * pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes  &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows    &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{ assume 2: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 hence &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; by (rule ejercicio_3_2)  &lt;br /&gt;
 with assms(1) have  &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; .. } &lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;     &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 1:&amp;quot;q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q)&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1263</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1263"/>
		<updated>2017-01-15T14:22:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ejercicio2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by  (rule disjI1)  &lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬q&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_2_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3_2:  &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  by (rule conjunct1)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using `¬¬p` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using `¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q`  by (rule conjunct2) &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using `¬¬q` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed  &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
( * pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes  &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows    &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{ assume 2: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 hence &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; by (rule ejercicio_3_2)  &lt;br /&gt;
 with assms(1) have  &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; .. } &lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1262</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1262"/>
		<updated>2017-01-15T11:43:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ejercicio2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by  (rule disjI1)  &lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(p ∨ q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; by (rule notE)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;¬q&amp;quot; ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_2_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;¬(p ∨ q)&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)&lt;br /&gt;
  with  `¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)` have &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; ..}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3_2:  &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  by (rule conjunct1)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using `¬¬p` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q&amp;quot; using assms(1) by (rule  aux_ejercicio2)  &lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using `¬¬p ∧ ¬¬q`  by (rule conjunct2) &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using `¬¬q` by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* usando el supuesto (p ∧ q) e indicando que se prueba por la regla correspondiente *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejemplo_4_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and 2: &amp;quot;(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;     &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2 .. &lt;br /&gt;
  show 4: &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3 ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
( * pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes  &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows    &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{ assume 2: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 hence &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; by (rule ejercicio_3_2)  &lt;br /&gt;
 with assms(1) have  &amp;quot;False&amp;quot; .. } &lt;br /&gt;
 then show &amp;quot; ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; by (rule ccontr)&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1258</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1258"/>
		<updated>2017-01-14T13:28:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   {assume 2:&amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   have &amp;quot;p&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by (rule disjI1)}&lt;br /&gt;
   thus &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* usando el supuesto (p ∧ q) e indicando que se prueba por la regla correspondiente *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejemplo_4_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and 2: &amp;quot;(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;     &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2 .. &lt;br /&gt;
  show 4: &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3 ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1257</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1257"/>
		<updated>2017-01-14T12:06:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* igual que el anterior pero usando la q *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and 2: &amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   have 3: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI2)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* usando el supuesto (p ∧ q) e indicando que se prueba por la regla correspondiente *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejemplo_4_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and 2: &amp;quot;(p ∧ q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;     &lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2 .. &lt;br /&gt;
  show 4: &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3 ..&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1256</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1256"/>
		<updated>2017-01-14T11:40:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* igual que el anterior pero usando la q *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and 2: &amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   have 3: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI2)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1255</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1255"/>
		<updated>2017-01-14T11:33:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_4:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
{assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
（* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;quita la limitación de -&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_5:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof &lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
with assms have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
thus &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* igual que el anterior pero usando la q *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and 2: &amp;quot;(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
   have 3: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI2)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 jeamacpov *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_5:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
               &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 2: &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 1 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;(p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&amp;quot; using 2  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1249</id>
		<title>Relación 8</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_8&amp;diff=1249"/>
		<updated>2017-01-13T15:18:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R8: Deducción natural proposicional en Isabelle/HOL *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R8_Deduccion_natural_proposicional&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Demostrar o refutar los siguientes lemas usando sólo las reglas&lt;br /&gt;
  básicas de deducción natural de la lógica proposicional, de los&lt;br /&gt;
  cuantificadores y de la igualdad: &lt;br /&gt;
  · conjI:      ⟦P; Q⟧ ⟹ P ∧ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct1:  P ∧ Q ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · conjunct2:  P ∧ Q ⟹ Q  &lt;br /&gt;
  · notnotD:    ¬¬ P ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · mp:         ⟦P ⟶ Q; P⟧ ⟹ Q &lt;br /&gt;
  · impI:       (P ⟹ Q) ⟹ P ⟶ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI1:     P ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjI2:     Q ⟹ P ∨ Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · disjE:      ⟦P ∨ Q; P ⟹ R; Q ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R &lt;br /&gt;
  · FalseE:     False ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · notE:       ⟦¬P; P⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · notI:       (P ⟹ False) ⟹ ¬P&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffI:       ⟦P ⟹ Q; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD1:      ⟦Q = P; Q⟧ ⟹ P &lt;br /&gt;
  · iffD2:      ⟦P = Q; Q⟧ ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
  · ccontr:     (¬P ⟹ False) ⟹ P&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · allI:       ⟦∀x. P x; P x ⟹ R⟧ ⟹ R&lt;br /&gt;
  · allE:       (⋀x. P x) ⟹ ∀x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exI:        P x ⟹ ∃x. P x&lt;br /&gt;
  · exE:        ⟦∃x. P x; ⋀x. P x ⟹ Q⟧ ⟹ Q&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  · refl:       t = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · subst:      ⟦s = t; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · trans:      ⟦r = s; s = t⟧ ⟹ r = t&lt;br /&gt;
  · sym:        s = t ⟹ t = s&lt;br /&gt;
  · not_sym:    t ≠ s ⟹ s ≠ t&lt;br /&gt;
  · ssubst:     ⟦t = s; P s⟧ ⟹ P t&lt;br /&gt;
  · box_equals: ⟦a = b; a = c; b = d⟧ ⟹ a: = d&lt;br /&gt;
  · arg_cong:   x = y ⟹ f x = f y&lt;br /&gt;
  · fun_cong:   f = g ⟹ f x = g x&lt;br /&gt;
  · cong:       ⟦f = g; x = y⟧ ⟹ f x = g y&lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  Se usarán las reglas notnotI, mt y not_ex que demostramos a continuación.&lt;br /&gt;
  *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma notnotI: &amp;quot;P ⟹ ¬¬ P&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma mt: &amp;quot;⟦F ⟶ G; ¬G⟧ ⟹ ¬F&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma no_ex: &amp;quot;¬(∃x. P(x)) ⟹ ∀x. ¬P(x)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬q ⟶ ¬p ⊢ p ⟶ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬¬p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1:&lt;br /&gt;
 assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; and &lt;br /&gt;
         2: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
 have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 2  by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
 have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule  notnotD)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; using 4 by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
  with `¬q ⟶ ¬p` have &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; by (rule mt)  &lt;br /&gt;
  hence &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  then show &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_1_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬q ⟶ ¬p&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  shows      &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof -&lt;br /&gt;
  {assume 2:&amp;quot;p&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 3: &amp;quot;¬¬p&amp;quot; by (rule notnotI)&lt;br /&gt;
   have 4: &amp;quot;¬¬q&amp;quot; using 1 3 by (rule mt)&lt;br /&gt;
   then have 5: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot; by (rule notnotD)}&lt;br /&gt;
  thus &amp;quot;p ⟶ q&amp;quot; by (rule impI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed   &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∧ ¬q) ⊢ p ∨ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∧ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∧ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∨ q&amp;quot; using 3 by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(¬p ∨ ¬q) ⊢ p ∧ q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto ¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma ejercicio_3:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot;¬(¬p ∨ ¬q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
  have 4: &amp;quot;q&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot; using 3 4 by (rule conjI)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ¬(p ∧ q) ⊢ ¬p ∨ ¬q&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
(* marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
--&amp;quot;usando un supuesto p ∧ q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 lemma ejercicio_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes 1: &amp;quot; ¬(p ∧ q)&amp;quot; and&lt;br /&gt;
          2:&amp;quot;p ∧ q&amp;quot;       &lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof-&lt;br /&gt;
  have 3: &amp;quot;¬p&amp;quot;using 1 2 by (rule notE)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;¬p ∨ ¬q&amp;quot; using 3  by (rule disjI1)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
text {* --------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Demostrar&lt;br /&gt;
     ⊢ (p ⟶ q) ∨ (q ⟶ p)&lt;br /&gt;
  ------------------------------------------------------------------ *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1171</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1171"/>
		<updated>2016-12-20T18:03:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar  danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i) (profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim pablucoto marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Metaejercicio de demostración *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;abc t = abc2 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct t) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg ivamenjim pablucoto marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux1: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (a::arbol) ⟹ (hojas a = 2^ (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort serrodcal crigomgom &lt;br /&gt;
    rubgonmar ivamenjim danrodcha marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux1)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma [simp]: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ hojas a = 2 ^ (profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
theorem es_abc_profundidad_hojas: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Teorema auxiliar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma auxEj8: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: auxEj8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux3: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟹ (hojas a = 1 + size a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux3)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma [simp]: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
theorem es_abc_hojas_size: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha ivamenjim marcarmor13&lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
corollary es_abc_size_profundidad: &amp;quot;es_abc size a = es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: es_abc_profundidad_hojas es_abc_hojas_size)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal crigomgom marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod rubgonmar danrodcha ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* y en general para cualquier medida *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que el anterior pero usando auto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom rubgonmar ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 11:&amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟹ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal danrodcha marcarmor13 ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* el contraejemplo que encuentra es la medida constante a1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Como en la primera de las soluciones he usado la función constante 0 pero he usado una expresión lambda*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc (λx. 0::nat) a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1170</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1170"/>
		<updated>2016-12-20T17:50:44Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar  danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i) (profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim pablucoto marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Metaejercicio de demostración *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;abc t = abc2 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct t) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg ivamenjim pablucoto marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux1: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (a::arbol) ⟹ (hojas a = 2^ (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort serrodcal crigomgom &lt;br /&gt;
    rubgonmar ivamenjim danrodcha marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux1)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma [simp]: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ hojas a = 2 ^ (profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
theorem es_abc_profundidad_hojas: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Teorema auxiliar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma auxEj8: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: auxEj8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux3: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟹ (hojas a = 1 + size a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux3)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma [simp]: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
theorem es_abc_hojas_size: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha ivamenjim marcarmor13&lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
corollary es_abc_size_profundidad: &amp;quot;es_abc size a = es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: es_abc_profundidad_hojas es_abc_hojas_size)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal crigomgom marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod rubgonmar danrodcha ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* y en general para cualquier medida *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que el anterior pero usando auto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom rubgonmar ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 11:&amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟹ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal danrodcha marcarmor13 ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* el contraejemplo que encuentra es la medida constante a1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Como en la primera de las soluciones he usado la función constante 0 pero he usado una expresión lambda*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc (λx. 0::nat) a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1168</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1168"/>
		<updated>2016-12-20T17:45:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar  danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i) (profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim pablucoto marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Metaejercicio de demostración *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;abc t = abc2 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct t) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg ivamenjim pablucoto marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux1: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (a::arbol) ⟹ (hojas a = 2^ (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort serrodcal crigomgom &lt;br /&gt;
    rubgonmar ivamenjim danrodcha marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux1)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma [simp]: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ hojas a = 2 ^ (profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
theorem es_abc_profundidad_hojas: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Teorema auxiliar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma auxEj8: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: auxEj8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux3: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟹ (hojas a = 1 + size a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux3)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma [simp]: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
theorem es_abc_hojas_size: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha ivamenjim marcarmor13&lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
corollary es_abc_size_profundidad: &amp;quot;es_abc size a = es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: es_abc_profundidad_hojas es_abc_hojas_size)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal crigomgom marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod rubgonmar danrodcha ferrenseg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* y en general para cualquier medida *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que el anterior pero usando auto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal marcarmor13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom rubgonmar ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 11:&amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟹ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal  danrodcha marcarmor13*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* el contraejemplo que encuentra es la medida constante a1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Como en la primera de las soluciones he usado la función constante 0 pero he usado una expresión lambda*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc (λx. 0::nat) a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1157</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1157"/>
		<updated>2016-12-20T00:05:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar  danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i) (profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Metaejercicio de demostración *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;abc t = abc2 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct t) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar &lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg ivamenjim pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux1: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (a::arbol) ⟹ (hojas a = 2^ (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort serrodcal crigomgom &lt;br /&gt;
    rubgonmar ivamenjim danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux1)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Teorema auxiliar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma auxEj8: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: auxEj8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux3: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟹ (hojas a = 1 + size a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (auto simp add: aux3)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar danrodcha ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod rubgonmar danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* y en general para cualquier medida *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma 11:&amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟹ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal  danrodcha*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* el contraejemplo que encuentra es la medida constante a1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Como en la primera de las soluciones he usado la función constante 0 pero he usado una expresión lambda*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc (λx. 0::nat) a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1153</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1153"/>
		<updated>2016-12-19T21:58:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i)(profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Metaejercicio de demostración *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;abc t = abc2 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct t) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg ivamenjim pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Teorema auxiliar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma auxEj8: &amp;quot;hojas a = size a + 1&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: auxEj8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Como en la primera de las soluciones he usado la función constante 0 pero he usado una expresión lambda*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc (λx. 0::nat) a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1145</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1145"/>
		<updated>2016-12-18T23:11:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i)(profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Metaejercicio de demostración *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;abc t = abc2 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct t) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1143</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1143"/>
		<updated>2016-12-18T22:57:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i)(profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Metaejercicio de demostración *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;abc t = abc2 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct t) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1142</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1142"/>
		<updated>2016-12-18T22:54:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i)(profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc2 :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc2 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc2 t = N (abc2 (t-1)) (abc2 (t-1))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc2 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1140</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1140"/>
		<updated>2016-12-18T22:37:39Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i)(profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad4 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad4 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad4 (N i d) = Suc (max (profundidad4 i)(profundidad4 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad4 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1139</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1139"/>
		<updated>2016-12-18T22:29:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i)(profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: llamando a la función anterior profundidad3 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a = profundidad3 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1137</id>
		<title>Relación 7</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_7&amp;diff=1137"/>
		<updated>2016-12-18T22:14:29Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R7: Árboles binarios completos *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R7_Arboles_binarios_completos&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  En esta relación se piden demostraciones automáticas (lo más cortas&lt;br /&gt;
  posibles). Para ello, en algunos casos es necesario incluir lemas&lt;br /&gt;
  auxiliares (que se demuestran automáticamente) y usar ejercicios&lt;br /&gt;
  anteriores. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que no tienen información ni en los nodos y ni en las&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas. Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          ·&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       ·     ·&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     ·   · ·   · &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H)&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype arbol = H | N arbol arbol&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N (N H H) (N H H) = (N (N H H) (N H H) :: arbol)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (hojas a) es el número de hojas del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas H = Suc 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;hojas (N a b) = hojas a + hojas b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor wilmorort pablucoto ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Es muy parecida a la definición anterior *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun hojas2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 H = 1&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;hojas2 (N i d) = hojas2 i + hojas2 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;hojas2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 4&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;hojas a = hojas2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (profundidad a) es la profundidad del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N a b) = (if profundidad a &amp;gt; profundidad b&lt;br /&gt;
                          then 1 + profundidad a &lt;br /&gt;
                          else 1 + profundidad b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad2 :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad2 H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 |&amp;quot;profundidad2 (N i d) = 1 + (max (profundidad2 i)(profundidad2 d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;profundidad2 (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 2&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;profundidad a= profundidad2 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun maximo :: &amp;quot;nat ×  nat =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;maximo (a,b) = (if a &amp;gt; b &lt;br /&gt;
                    then a else b)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun profundidad :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;profundidad H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;profundidad (N i d) = 1 + maximo(profundidad i, profundidad d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (abc n) es el árbol binario completo de profundidad n. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 anaprarod paupeddeg migtermor  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun abc :: &amp;quot;nat ⇒ arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;abc 0 = H&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;abc (Suc n) = (N (abc n) (abc n))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;abc 3 = N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Un árbol binario a es completo respecto de la medida f si&lt;br /&gt;
  a es una hoja o bien a es de la forma (N i d) y se cumple que tanto i&lt;br /&gt;
  como d son árboles binarios completos respecto de f y, además, &lt;br /&gt;
  f(i) = f(r).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Definir la función&lt;br /&gt;
     es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (es_abc f a) se verifica si a es un árbol binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de f.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy anaprarod migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc _ H = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;es_abc f (N a b) = (es_abc f a ∧ es_abc f b ∧ (f a = f b))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* marpoldia1 paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun es_abc2 :: &amp;quot;(arbol =&amp;gt; &amp;#039;a) =&amp;gt; arbol =&amp;gt; bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f H = True&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;es_abc2 f (N i d) = ((f i = f d) ∧ (es_abc2 f i) ∧ (es_abc2 f d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Equivalencia de las definiciones *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a = es_abc2 f a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. (size a) es el número de nodos del árbol a. Por ejemplo,&lt;br /&gt;
     size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N H H) (N H H)) = 3&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;size (N (N (N H H) (N H H)) (N (N H H) (N H H))) = 7&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Nota. Tenemos 3 funciones de medida sobre los árboles: número de&lt;br /&gt;
  hojas, número de nodos y profundidad. A cada una le corresponde un&lt;br /&gt;
  concepto de completitud. En los siguientes ejercicios demostraremos&lt;br /&gt;
  que los tres conceptos de completitud son iguales.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de hojas.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_prof_num_hojas:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;hojas a = 2^(profundidad a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (hojas a = 2^(profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También funciona con AUX7 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej7: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: abc_prof_num_hojas)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto del&lt;br /&gt;
  número de hojas syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma abc_hojas_num_nodos:&lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;Suc(size a) = hojas a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma AUX8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a ⟶ (hojas a = (Suc (size a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add:abc_hojas_num_nodos [symmetric])&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Usando AUX8 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L8: &amp;quot;es_abc hojas a= es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) (auto simp add: AUX8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Demostrar que un árbol binario a es completo respecto de&lt;br /&gt;
  la profundidad syss es completo respecto del número de nodos.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej9:  &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (simp add: lej7 lej8)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Demostrar que (abc n) es un árbol binario completo.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej10: &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad (abc n)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct n) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* con un demostrador más débil *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma L10:  &amp;quot;es_abc f (abc a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Demostrar que si a es un árbolo binario completo&lt;br /&gt;
  respecto de la profundidad, entonces a es igual a&lt;br /&gt;
  (abc (profundidad a)).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy marpoldia1 migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma lej11: &lt;br /&gt;
  assumes &amp;quot; es_abc profundidad a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  shows &amp;quot;a = (abc (profundidad a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
using assms&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma de escribir lo mismo *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc profundidad a ⟶ (a = (abc (profundidad a)))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Encontrar una medida f tal que (es_abc f) es distinto de &lt;br /&gt;
  (es_abc size).&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun medida_nula :: &amp;quot;arbol =&amp;gt; nat&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;medida_nula H = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;medida_nula (N i d) = 0&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc medida_nula a = es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo:&lt;br /&gt;
  a= N H (N H H) &lt;br /&gt;
  Tras evaluar:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc medida_nula a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;es_abc f a =  es_abc size a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
(* Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  f = λx. a⇩1   &lt;br /&gt;
  a = N H (N H H)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc f a = True&lt;br /&gt;
  es_abc size a = False *)&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=951</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=951"/>
		<updated>2016-12-04T17:43:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden i @ postOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x] ) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (postOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
(* Aquí si le diga &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t))&amp;quot;,isabelle dice: &lt;br /&gt;
proof (prove)&lt;br /&gt;
goal (1 subgoal):&lt;br /&gt;
 1. preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t)) &lt;br /&gt;
Introduced fixed type variable(s): &amp;#039;b in &amp;quot;t__&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
No entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume H1: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
assume H2: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N t i d)) = preOrden (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  (* &amp;quot;?p (N x i d)&amp;quot; más corto *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = postOrden (espejo d) @ postOrden (espejo i) @ [x]  &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x] &amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (x # preOrden i)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto marpoldia1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i) )&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = inOrden (espejo d) @ [x] @ inOrden (espejo i) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using HI1 HI2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # inOrden d ) @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( inOrden i @ x # inOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor marpoldia1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor marpoldia1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (N t i d) = hd (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Metaejercicio de demostración. Llamando teorema_13 al teorema del ejercicio 13 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda a = extremo_izquierda_1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a, simp_all add: aux_ej12_1 teorema_13)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor marpoldia1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (N t i d) = last (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Metaejercicio de demostración. Llamando teorema_12 al teorema del ejercicio 12 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;extremo_derecha a = extremo_derecha_1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a, simp_all add: aux_ej12_1 teorema_12)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Casi lo mismo que el anterior,pero no hace falta suponer &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N t i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add:aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i&lt;br /&gt;
 fix d assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden d = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q d&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct d)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hd&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hd)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix nd&lt;br /&gt;
     fix id assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q id&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix dd assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q dd&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N nd id dd)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N n i d)) = last (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d &lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N t i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n d&lt;br /&gt;
 fix i assume HId: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden i = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q i&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct i)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hi&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hi)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ni&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ii assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q ii&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix di assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q di&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N ni ii di)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N n i d)) = hd (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using h1 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom bowma *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next   &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x]) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden (N x i d) )&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 (* Si no especifico que i y d son árboles, salta un error de tipo. Supongo que será por&lt;br /&gt;
    no haber asumido hipótesis sobre ellos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N n i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot; ?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot; ?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* similar al anterior pero sin suponer &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N t i d)) = hd ([t] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: sin usar patrones *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (H x)) = raiz (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix i ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h1: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden i) = raiz i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h2: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden d) = raiz d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom pablucoto bowma migtermor ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1) &lt;br /&gt;
  (* Perdemos la x, luego se refuta el enunciado del teorema *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom ivamenjim *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a )&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También sin usar el supuesto &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* si quito este supuesto, hay error pero no sé dónde se lo está usando *)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N t i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = &lt;br /&gt;
       last (postOrden i@postOrden d@[n])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: sin usar patrones *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;last (postOrden (H x)) = raiz (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h1: &amp;quot;last (postOrden i) = raiz i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h2: &amp;quot;last (postOrden d) = raiz d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ((postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ([x])&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=946</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=946"/>
		<updated>2016-12-04T17:17:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden i @ postOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x] ) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (postOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
(* Aquí si le diga &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t))&amp;quot;,isabelle dice: &lt;br /&gt;
proof (prove)&lt;br /&gt;
goal (1 subgoal):&lt;br /&gt;
 1. preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t)) &lt;br /&gt;
Introduced fixed type variable(s): &amp;#039;b in &amp;quot;t__&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
No entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume H1: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
assume H2: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N t i d)) = preOrden (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  (* &amp;quot;?p (N x i d)&amp;quot; más corto *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = postOrden (espejo d) @ postOrden (espejo i) @ [x]  &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x] &amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (x # preOrden i)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i) )&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = inOrden (espejo d) @ [x] @ inOrden (espejo i) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using HI1 HI2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # inOrden d ) @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( inOrden i @ x # inOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (N t i d) = hd (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (N t i d) = last (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Casi lo mismo que el anterior,pero no hace falta suponer &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N t i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add:aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i&lt;br /&gt;
 fix d assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden d = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q d&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct d)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hd&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hd)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix nd&lt;br /&gt;
     fix id assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q id&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix dd assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q dd&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N nd id dd)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N n i d)) = last (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d &lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N t i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n d&lt;br /&gt;
 fix i assume HId: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden i = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q i&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct i)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hi&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hi)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ni&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ii assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q ii&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix di assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q di&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N ni ii di)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N n i d)) = hd (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using h1 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom bowma *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next   &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x]) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden (N x i d) )&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 (* Si no especifico que i y d son árboles, salta un error de tipo. Supongo que será por&lt;br /&gt;
    no haber asumido hipótesis sobre ellos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N n i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot; ?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot; ?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* similar al anterior pero sin suponer &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N t i d)) = hd ([t] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: sin usar patrones *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (H x)) = raiz (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix i ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h1: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden i) = raiz i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h2: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden d) = raiz d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom pablucoto bowma migtermor ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1) &lt;br /&gt;
  (* Perdemos la x, luego se refuta el enunciado del teorema *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom ivamenjim *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a )&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También sin usar el supuesto &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* si quito este supuesto, hay error pero no sé dónde se lo está usando *)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N t i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = &lt;br /&gt;
       last (postOrden i@postOrden d@[n])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: sin usar patrones *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;last (postOrden (H x)) = raiz (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h1: &amp;quot;last (postOrden i) = raiz i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h2: &amp;quot;last (postOrden d) = raiz d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ((postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ([x])&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=944</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=944"/>
		<updated>2016-12-04T17:03:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden i @ postOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x] ) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (postOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
(* Aquí si le diga &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t))&amp;quot;,isabelle dice: &lt;br /&gt;
proof (prove)&lt;br /&gt;
goal (1 subgoal):&lt;br /&gt;
 1. preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t)) &lt;br /&gt;
Introduced fixed type variable(s): &amp;#039;b in &amp;quot;t__&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
No entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume H1: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
assume H2: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N t i d)) = preOrden (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  (* &amp;quot;?p (N x i d)&amp;quot; más corto *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = postOrden (espejo d) @ postOrden (espejo i) @ [x]  &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x] &amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (x # preOrden i)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i) )&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = inOrden (espejo d) @ [x] @ inOrden (espejo i) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using HI1 HI2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # inOrden d ) @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( inOrden i @ x # inOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (N t i d) = hd (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (N t i d) = last (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Casi lo mismo que el anterior,pero no hace falta suponer &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N t i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add:aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i&lt;br /&gt;
 fix d assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden d = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q d&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct d)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hd&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hd)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix nd&lt;br /&gt;
     fix id assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q id&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix dd assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q dd&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N nd id dd)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N n i d)) = last (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d &lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N t i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n d&lt;br /&gt;
 fix i assume HId: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden i = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q i&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct i)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hi&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hi)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ni&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ii assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q ii&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix di assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q di&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N ni ii di)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N n i d)) = hd (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using h1 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom bowma *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next   &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x]) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden (N x i d) )&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 (* Si no especifico que i y d son árboles, salta un error de tipo. Supongo que será por&lt;br /&gt;
    no haber asumido hipótesis sobre ellos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N n i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot; ?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot; ?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* similar al anterior pero sin suponer &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N t i d)) = hd ([t] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: sin usar patrones *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (H x)) = raiz (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix i ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h1: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden i) = raiz i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h2: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden d) = raiz d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom pablucoto bowma migtermor ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1) &lt;br /&gt;
  (* Perdemos la x, luego se refuta el enunciado del teorema *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom*) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a )&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También sin usar el supuesto &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* si quito este supuesto, hay error pero no sé dónde se lo está usando *)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N t i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = &lt;br /&gt;
       last (postOrden i@postOrden d@[n])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=942</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=942"/>
		<updated>2016-12-04T16:43:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden i @ postOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x] ) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (postOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
(* Aquí si le diga &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t))&amp;quot;,isabelle dice: &lt;br /&gt;
proof (prove)&lt;br /&gt;
goal (1 subgoal):&lt;br /&gt;
 1. preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t)) &lt;br /&gt;
Introduced fixed type variable(s): &amp;#039;b in &amp;quot;t__&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
No entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume H1: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
assume H2: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N t i d)) = preOrden (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  (* &amp;quot;?p (N x i d)&amp;quot; más corto *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = postOrden (espejo d) @ postOrden (espejo i) @ [x]  &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x] &amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (x # preOrden i)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i) )&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = inOrden (espejo d) @ [x] @ inOrden (espejo i) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using HI1 HI2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # inOrden d ) @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( inOrden i @ x # inOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (N t i d) = hd (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (N t i d) = last (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Casi lo mismo que el anterior,pero no hace falta suponer &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N t i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add:aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i&lt;br /&gt;
 fix d assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden d = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q d&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct d)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hd&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hd)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix nd&lt;br /&gt;
     fix id assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q id&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix dd assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q dd&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N nd id dd)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N n i d)) = last (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d &lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N t i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n d&lt;br /&gt;
 fix i assume HId: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden i = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q i&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct i)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hi&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hi)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ni&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ii assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q ii&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix di assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q di&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N ni ii di)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N n i d)) = hd (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using h1 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom bowma *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next   &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x]) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden (N x i d) )&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 (* Si no especifico que i y d son árboles, salta un error de tipo. Supongo que será por&lt;br /&gt;
    no haber asumido hipótesis sobre ellos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N n i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot; ?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot; ?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* similar al anterior pero sin suponer &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N t i d)) = hd ([t] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: sin usar patrones *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (H x)) = raiz (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix i ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h1: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden i) = raiz i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d ::&amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; assume h2: &amp;quot;hd (preOrden d) = raiz d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom pablucoto bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom*) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a )&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También sin usar el supuesto &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* si quito este supuesto, hay error pero no sé dónde se lo está usando *)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N t i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = &lt;br /&gt;
       last (postOrden i@postOrden d@[n])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=941</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=941"/>
		<updated>2016-12-04T16:28:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden i @ postOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x] ) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (postOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
(* Aquí si le diga &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t))&amp;quot;,isabelle dice: &lt;br /&gt;
proof (prove)&lt;br /&gt;
goal (1 subgoal):&lt;br /&gt;
 1. preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t)) &lt;br /&gt;
Introduced fixed type variable(s): &amp;#039;b in &amp;quot;t__&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
No entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume H1: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
assume H2: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N t i d)) = preOrden (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  (* &amp;quot;?p (N x i d)&amp;quot; más corto *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = postOrden (espejo d) @ postOrden (espejo i) @ [x]  &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x] &amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (x # preOrden i)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i) )&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = inOrden (espejo d) @ [x] @ inOrden (espejo i) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using HI1 HI2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # inOrden d ) @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( inOrden i @ x # inOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (N t i d) = hd (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (N t i d) = last (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Casi lo mismo que el anterior,pero no hace falta suponer &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N t i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add:aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i&lt;br /&gt;
 fix d assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden d = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q d&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct d)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hd&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hd)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix nd&lt;br /&gt;
     fix id assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q id&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix dd assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q dd&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N nd id dd)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N n i d)) = last (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d &lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N t i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n d&lt;br /&gt;
 fix i assume HId: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden i = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q i&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct i)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hi&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hi)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ni&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ii assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q ii&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix di assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q di&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N ni ii di)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N n i d)) = hd (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using h1 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom bowma *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next   &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x]) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden (N x i d) )&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 (* Si no especifico que i y d son árboles, salta un error de tipo. Supongo que será por&lt;br /&gt;
    no haber asumido hipótesis sobre ellos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N n i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot; ?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot; ?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* similar al anterior pero sin suponer &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N t i d)) = hd ([t] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom pablucoto bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom*) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a )&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También sin usar el supuesto &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* si quito este supuesto, hay error pero no sé dónde se lo está usando *)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N t i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = &lt;br /&gt;
       last (postOrden i@postOrden d@[n])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=940</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=940"/>
		<updated>2016-12-04T16:10:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden i @ postOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x] ) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (postOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
(* Aquí si le diga &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t))&amp;quot;,isabelle dice: &lt;br /&gt;
proof (prove)&lt;br /&gt;
goal (1 subgoal):&lt;br /&gt;
 1. preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t)) &lt;br /&gt;
Introduced fixed type variable(s): &amp;#039;b in &amp;quot;t__&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
No entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume H1: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
assume H2: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N t i d)) = preOrden (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  (* &amp;quot;?p (N x i d)&amp;quot; más corto *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = postOrden (espejo d) @ postOrden (espejo i) @ [x]  &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x] &amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (x # preOrden i)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i) )&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = inOrden (espejo d) @ [x] @ inOrden (espejo i) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using HI1 HI2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # inOrden d ) @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( inOrden i @ x # inOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (N t i d) = hd (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (N t i d) = last (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Casi lo mismo que el anterior,pero no hace falta suponer &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N t i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add:aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i&lt;br /&gt;
 fix d assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden d = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q d&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct d)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hd&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hd)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix nd&lt;br /&gt;
     fix id assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q id&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix dd assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q dd&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N nd id dd)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N n i d)) = last (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d &lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N t i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n d&lt;br /&gt;
 fix i assume HId: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden i = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q i&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct i)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hi&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hi)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ni&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ii assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q ii&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix di assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q di&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N ni ii di)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N n i d)) = hd (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using h1 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom bowma *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next   &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x]) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden (N x i d) )&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 (* Si no especifico que i y d son árboles, salta un error de tipo. Supongo que será por&lt;br /&gt;
    no haber asumido hipótesis sobre ellos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N n i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd ([x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot; ?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot; ?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* similar al anterior pero sin suponer &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N t i d)) = hd ([t] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom pablucoto bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom*) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a )&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También sin usar el supuesto &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* si quito este supuesto, hay error pero no sé dónde se lo está usando *)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N t i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = &lt;br /&gt;
       last (postOrden i@postOrden d@[n])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=939</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=939"/>
		<updated>2016-12-04T15:54:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto bowma fraortmoy migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden i @ postOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x] ) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (postOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
(* Aquí si le diga &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t))&amp;quot;,isabelle dice: &lt;br /&gt;
proof (prove)&lt;br /&gt;
goal (1 subgoal):&lt;br /&gt;
 1. preOrden (espejo (H t)) = rev (postOrden (H t)) &lt;br /&gt;
Introduced fixed type variable(s): &amp;#039;b in &amp;quot;t__&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
No entiendo porqué *)&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume H1: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
assume H2: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N t i d)) = preOrden (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = [t] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  (* &amp;quot;?p (N x i d)&amp;quot; más corto *)&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;  (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = postOrden (espejo d) @ postOrden (espejo i) @ [x]  &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x] &amp;quot; using H1 H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (x # preOrden i)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden (N x i d)) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden ( N x (espejo d) (espejo i) )&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = inOrden (espejo d) @ [x] @ inOrden (espejo i) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using HI1 HI2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (x # inOrden d ) @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev ( inOrden i @ x # inOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda_1 (N t i d) = hd (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim bowma pablucoto migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha_1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (H t) = t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha_1 (N t i d) = last (inOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Casi lo mismo que el anterior,pero no hace falta suponer &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N t i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add:aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i&lt;br /&gt;
 fix d assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden d = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q d&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct d)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hd&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hd)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix nd&lt;br /&gt;
     fix id assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q id&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix dd assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q dd&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N nd id dd)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N n i d)) = last (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d &lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N t i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [t] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n d&lt;br /&gt;
 fix i assume HId: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have AUX: &amp;quot;¬ (inOrden i = [])&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?Q i&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (induct i)&lt;br /&gt;
      fix hi&lt;br /&gt;
      show &amp;quot;?Q (H hi)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ni&lt;br /&gt;
     fix ii assume HIid: &amp;quot;?Q ii&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     fix di assume HIdd: &amp;quot;?Q di&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;?Q (N ni ii di)&amp;quot; using HIid HIdd by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N n i d)) = hd (inOrden i @[n]@inOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using AUX by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using h1 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom bowma *) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next   &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x]) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last ( postOrden (N x i d) )&amp;quot; by simp  &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 (* Si no especifico que i y d son árboles, salta un error de tipo. Supongo que será por&lt;br /&gt;
    no haber asumido hipótesis sobre ellos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N n i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot; ?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot; ?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot; hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd ([x] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* similar al anterior pero sin suponer &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N t i d)) = hd ([t] @ preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N t i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = hd ([n]@preOrden i@preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom pablucoto bowma migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto crigomgom*) (*Similar al anterior*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a )&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last ( postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N x i d) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot; ?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* También sin usar el supuesto &amp;quot;?p d&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
fix t&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (H t)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix t i d&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;?p i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* si quito este supuesto, hay error pero no sé dónde se lo está usando *)&lt;br /&gt;
have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N t i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [t])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = t&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
also have &amp;quot;... = raiz (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
finally show &amp;quot;?p (N t i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
 fix h&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (H h)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix n i d&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N n (i :: &amp;#039;a arbol) (d :: &amp;#039;a arbol))) = &lt;br /&gt;
       last (postOrden i@postOrden d@[n])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (N n i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=892</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=892"/>
		<updated>2016-12-03T21:15:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=891</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=891"/>
		<updated>2016-12-03T21:14:05Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 pablucoto*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12_1: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior, pero poniendo solo by simp en el primer have *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last ((inOrden i) @ [x] @ (inOrden d))&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12_1)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=889</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=889"/>
		<updated>2016-12-03T20:12:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=888</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=888"/>
		<updated>2016-12-03T20:05:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden1 (H x) = [x]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N x i d) = x#preOrden1 i @ preOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;preOrden a = preOrden1 a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden1 (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N t i d) = inOrden1 i @ t#inOrden1 d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden1 (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;inOrden t = inOrden1 t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct t)&lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim danrodcha crigomgom marpoldia1 manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = H t&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = N t (espejo d) (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: espejo.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x#preOrden (espejo d) @ preOrden (espejo i)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have&amp;quot;… = x#rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct a) simp_all&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; using HIi HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;raiz (N x i d) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N x i d) = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha crigomgom manmorjim1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (H x) = x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N x i d) = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma aux_ej12: &amp;quot;inOrden a ≠ []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct a) &lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (inOrden (N x i d)) = last (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (inOrden d)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha d&amp;quot; using HId by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_derecha (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (inOrden (N x i d)) = hd (inOrden i @ [x] @ inOrden d)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: inOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = hd (inOrden i)&amp;quot; by (simp add: aux_ej12)&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda i&amp;quot; using HIi by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = extremo_izquierda (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = last (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;hd (preOrden (N x i d)) = hd (x#preOrden i @ preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: preOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha:&lt;br /&gt;
Auto Quickcheck found a counterexample:&lt;br /&gt;
  a = N a⇩1 (H a⇩2) (H a⇩1)&lt;br /&gt;
Evaluated terms:&lt;br /&gt;
  hd (inOrden a) = a⇩2&lt;br /&gt;
  raiz a = a⇩1 *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x i d&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HIi: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HId: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;last (postOrden (N x i d)) = last (postOrden i @ postOrden d @ [x])&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    by (simp only: postOrden.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = x&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… = raiz (N x i d)&amp;quot; by (simp only: raiz.simps(2))&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (N x i d)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=858</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=858"/>
		<updated>2016-12-02T21:58:28Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = (H t)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = postOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (postOrden (espejo d)) @ (postOrden (espejo i)) @ [x]&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (preOrden d) @ rev (preOrden i) @ [x]&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (preOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = inOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = (inOrden (espejo d)) @ [x] @ (inOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = rev (inOrden d) @ [x] @ rev (inOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (inOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=857</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=857"/>
		<updated>2016-12-02T21:49:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = (H t)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct a)&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (H x)&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x &lt;br /&gt;
  fix i assume h1: &amp;quot;?P i&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  fix d assume h2: &amp;quot;?P d&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = preOrden (N x (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ (preOrden (espejo d)) @ (preOrden (espejo i))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = [x] @ rev (postOrden d) @ rev (postOrden i)&amp;quot; using h1 h2 by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo (N x i d)) = rev (postOrden (N x i d))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=856</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=856"/>
		<updated>2016-12-02T21:00:26Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = (H t)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=855</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=855"/>
		<updated>2016-12-02T20:57:18Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;postOrden (N t i d) = (postOrden i) @ (postOrden d) @ [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;inOrden (N t i d) = (inOrden i) @ [t] @ (inOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo (H t) = (H t)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;espejo (N t i d) = (N t (espejo d) (espejo i))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=854</id>
		<title>Relación 6</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_6&amp;diff=854"/>
		<updated>2016-12-02T20:36:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R6: Recorridos de árboles *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R6_Recorridos_de_arboles&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir el tipo de datos arbol para representar los&lt;br /&gt;
  árboles binarios que tiene información en los nodos y en las hojas. &lt;br /&gt;
  Por ejemplo, el árbol&lt;br /&gt;
          e&lt;br /&gt;
         / \&lt;br /&gt;
        /   \&lt;br /&gt;
       c     g&lt;br /&gt;
      / \   / \&lt;br /&gt;
     a   d f   h &lt;br /&gt;
  se representa por &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
datatype &amp;#039;a arbol = H &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; | N &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (preOrden a) es el recorrido pre orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun preOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;preOrden (H t) = [t]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;preOrden (N t i d) = [t] @ (preOrden i) @ (preOrden d)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;preOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))  &lt;br /&gt;
      = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h]&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (postOrden a) es el recorrido post orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [e,c,a,d,g,f,h] &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun postOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;postOrden t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;postOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,d,c,f,h,g,e]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (inOrden a) es el recorrido in orden del árbol a. Por&lt;br /&gt;
  ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun inOrden :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;inOrden t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;inOrden (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
       = [a,c,d,e,f,g,h]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (espejo a) es la imagen especular del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h)))&lt;br /&gt;
     = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun espejo :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a arbol&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;espejo t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;espejo (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) &lt;br /&gt;
       = N e (N g (H h) (H f)) (N c (H d) (H a))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma  &amp;quot;preOrden (espejo a) = rev (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;postOrden (espejo a) = rev (preOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 8. Demostrar que&lt;br /&gt;
     inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;inOrden (espejo a) = rev (inOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 9. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (raiz a) es la raiz del árbol a. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun raiz :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;raiz t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;raiz (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = e&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 10. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_izquierda a) es el nodo más a la izquierda del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_izquierda :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_izquierda (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 11. Definir la función &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (extremo_derecha a) es el nodo más a la derecha del árbol&lt;br /&gt;
  a. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun extremo_derecha :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a arbol ⇒ &amp;#039;a&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;extremo_derecha t = undefined&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;extremo_derecha (N e (N c (H a) (H d)) (N g (H f) (H h))) = h&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 12. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (inOrden a) = extremo_derecha a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 13. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = extremo_izquierda a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 14. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = last (postOrden a)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 15. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (preOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 16. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;hd (inOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 17. Demostrar o refutar&lt;br /&gt;
     last (postOrden a) = raiz a&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theorem &amp;quot;last (postOrden a) = raiz a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=793</id>
		<title>Relación 5</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=793"/>
		<updated>2016-11-29T18:40:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R5: Eliminación de duplicados *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R5_Eliminacion_de_duplicados&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir la funcion primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn :: &amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (estaEn x xs) se verifica si el elemento x está en la lista&lt;br /&gt;
  xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar bowma wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal &lt;br /&gt;
    anaprarod migtermor paupeddeg fraortmoy marpoldia1&lt;br /&gt;
    danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn _ [] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn x (a#xs) = ((a = x) ∨ (estaEn x xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim, ferrenseg josgarsan *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior pero con x en lugar de _ en el caso base *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn1 x [] = False&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn1 x (a#xs) = ((x=a) ∨ estaEn1 x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* reutilizando  la funcion &amp;quot;algunos&amp;quot; de R4.thy*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn2  :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn2 a xs = algunos (λx. x = a) xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn2 (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn2 (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (sinDuplicados xs) se verifica si la lista xs no contiene&lt;br /&gt;
  duplicados. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim  wilmorort bowma pablucoto &lt;br /&gt;
    serrodcal anaprarod migtermor paupeddeg fraortmoy marpoldia1 &lt;br /&gt;
    ferrenseg josgarsan danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun sinDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (x#xs) = (¬ estaEn x xs ∧ sinDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Utilizando la función ∉ de Isabelle *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun sinDuplicados2 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados2 [] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;sinDuplicados2 (a#xs) = ((a ∉ set xs) ∧  sinDuplicados2 xs ) &amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (borraDuplicados xs) es la lista obtenida eliminando los&lt;br /&gt;
  elementos duplicados de la lista xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: La función borraDuplicados es equivalente a la predefinida&lt;br /&gt;
  remdups.  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar wilmorort bowma pablucoto serrodcal &lt;br /&gt;
    anaprarod migtermor paupeddeg fraortmoy marpoldia1 ferrenseg &lt;br /&gt;
    josgarsan danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) =( if estaEn x xs then borraDuplicados xs else x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Utilizando la negación primero *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) = (if ¬(estaEn x xs) then (x#(borraDuplicados xs)) else borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Otra forma Sin usar if &lt;br /&gt;
  Utilizando case aunque se le sacaría más partido con más de 2 casos *)&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
 fun borraDuplicados1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;borraDuplicados1 [] = []&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;borraDuplicados1 (x#xs) = ( case estaEn x xs of False  =&amp;gt; x#borraDuplicados1 xs | True =&amp;gt; borraDuplicados1 xs )&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
(*Otra forma utilizando let*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados2 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;borraDuplicados2 [] = []&amp;quot; |&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;quot;borraDuplicados2 (x#xs) =  (let condicion = estaEn x xs::bool  in &lt;br /&gt;
if  condicion then borraDuplicados2 xs else x # borraDuplicados2 xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom anaprarod ferrenseg*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs, simp_all)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* rubgonmar wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal migtermor paupeddeg &lt;br /&gt;
    fraortmoy marpoldia1 danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length ( borraDuplicados xs ) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Demostrando objetivo a objetivo *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma  anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
apply (simp, simp)  (* creo que es mejor poner aquí simp_all *)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) simp_all (* Creo que se puede poner simp_all fuera de parentesis *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;(¬ estaEn x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = 1 +  length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ 1 + length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  wilmorort ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ 1+length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1+length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* serrodcal anaprarod danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ 1+length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1+length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* pablucoto *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
proof(induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length [] &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot; length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs &amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ 1 + length(borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1 + length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp &lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ length (a#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length (a # xs) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_3: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?p xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (a#xs) = 1 + length xs&amp;quot; by simp &lt;br /&gt;
    have &amp;quot;length(borraDuplicados (a#xs)) ≤ 1 + length(borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1+length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... ≤ length (a#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
 assume HI: &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a#xs)) ≤ (length (a#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
   assume &amp;quot;(estaEn a xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have Aux: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a#xs)) = length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   also have &amp;quot;… ≤ length (a#xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   then show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a#xs)) ≤ (length (a#xs))&amp;quot; using Aux by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
   assume &amp;quot;¬ (estaEn a xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have Aux: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a#xs)) = 1+ length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   also have &amp;quot;… ≤ length (a#xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   then show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a#xs)) ≤ (length (a#xs))&amp;quot; using Aux by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
then show &amp;quot;?P (a#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* paupeddeg marpoldia1*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_4:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs &lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length [a] + length (borraDuplicados xs) &amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1 + length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1 + length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* fraortmoy *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* muy parecida a alguna anterior, pero yo dí mas pasos *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
    assume H1: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length(borraDuplicados [a])+length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;… ≤ 1 + length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;… ≤ 1 + length xs&amp;quot; using H1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar  wilmorort pablucoto serrodcal bowma &lt;br /&gt;
    migtermor fraortmoy marpoldia1 ferrenseg danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs) &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs, simp_all, blast)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados&amp;#039;: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
apply (cases &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
apply (simp_all)&lt;br /&gt;
apply blast&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp&lt;br /&gt;
apply (simp, blast)&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: Para la demostración de la equivalencia se puede usar&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
  La regla iffI es&lt;br /&gt;
     ⟦P ⟹ Q ; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados []) = estaEn a []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix b xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs)) = estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume H1: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;estaEn b xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using  H1 by  simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show  &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;¬ estaEn b xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#(borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; using H1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;a=b ∨ (estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot; a=b ∨ (estaEn a xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume H2: &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;a=b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn b (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn b xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;(estaEn b xs ⟶ estaEn b (borraDuplicados xs)) ∧&lt;br /&gt;
           (¬ estaEn b xs ⟶ estaEn b (b # borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp      &lt;br /&gt;
       then have &amp;quot;estaEn b (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot; using `a=b` by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;a≠b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot; using H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;a = b ∨ estaEn a xs&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;False ∨ estaEn a xs &amp;quot; using `a≠b` by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot; using `a≠b` by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod marpoldia1 ferrenseg *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
 &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
 fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
 assume HI: &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
  assume &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;...= estaEn a xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot; by auto&lt;br /&gt;
 next&lt;br /&gt;
  assume &amp;quot;¬estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = estaEn a (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;...= (x = a ∨ estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show  &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
 show &amp;quot;?P []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
 fix aa xs&lt;br /&gt;
 assume HI: &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
 have P1: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (aa#xs)) = estaEn a (aa#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
   assume C1: &amp;quot;(estaEn aa xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (aa#xs)) = estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
             using C1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have P3: &amp;quot;… = estaEn a xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;… = estaEn a (aa#xs)&amp;quot;  &lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
     assume &amp;quot;(a=aa)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     then show &amp;quot;estaEn a xs = estaEn a (aa#xs)&amp;quot; using C1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
     assume &amp;quot;¬(a=aa)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     then show &amp;quot;estaEn a xs = estaEn a (aa#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (aa#xs)) = estaEn a (aa#xs)&amp;quot; using P3 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
   assume C2: &amp;quot;¬(estaEn aa xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (aa#xs)) = estaEn a (aa#xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
 also have Conc: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (aa#xs)) = estaEn a (aa#xs)&amp;quot; using P1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 finally show &amp;quot;?P (aa#xs)&amp;quot; using Conc by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados []) = estaEn a []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume a1: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using  a1 by  simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show  &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;¬ estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#(borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; using a1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot; x=a ∨ (estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot; x=a ∨ (estaEn a xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume a2: &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;a=x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then  show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
      assume b1: &amp;quot;a≠x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; using a2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;x = a ∨ estaEn a xs&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a xs &amp;quot; using b1  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot; using b1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a  ( borraDuplicados xs ) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
   show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados []) = estaEn a []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
   fix x&lt;br /&gt;
   fix xs&lt;br /&gt;
   assume HI: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   proof (rule iffI) (* usamos proof de la regla dada iffI*)&lt;br /&gt;
     assume cprim: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
       assume &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
       then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; using cprim HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
       assume &amp;quot;¬ estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
       then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; using cprim HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
   next&lt;br /&gt;
     assume cseg: &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
       assume &amp;quot;a=x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
       then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot; using HI by auto&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
       assume &amp;quot;a≠x&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
       thus &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot; using `a≠x` cseg HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     qed&lt;br /&gt;
   qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* &lt;br /&gt;
Aplico la regla iffI:&lt;br /&gt;
     ⟦P ⟹ Q ; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
Así:&lt;br /&gt;
 [estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x # xs)) ⟹ estaEn a (x # xs); estaEn a (x # xs) ⟹ estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x # xs))] &lt;br /&gt;
⟹ estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x # xs)) = estaEn a (x # xs)&lt;br /&gt;
*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* bowma ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?p xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;?p xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;?p (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H1:&amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = estaEn a xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    proof(cases)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;x=a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;estaEn a xs = estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; using H1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;x≠a&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;estaEn a xs = estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
  assume H2:&amp;quot;¬estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = estaEn a (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = ((x=a) ∨ estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = ((x=a) ∨ estaEn a xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... = estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;?p (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* es como la de ruben pero con diferencias de estilo *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs assume HI: &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume H1: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x # xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
      case True&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; using H1 HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
      case False&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot; using H1 HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume H2: &amp;quot;estaEn a (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x # xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases &amp;quot;x=a&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
      case True&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x # xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
      case False&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (x # xs))&amp;quot; using H2 HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim wilmorort serrodcal crigomgom anaprarod fraortmoy &lt;br /&gt;
    marpoldia1 ferrenseg danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* migtermor bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs, simp_all add: estaEn_borraDuplicados_2)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot; sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados [])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
then show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a#xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
assume&amp;quot;¬ estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;¬ (estaEn a xs) ∧ sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;¬ estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) ∧  sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by (simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot; sinDuplicados (a#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
then show &amp;quot; sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados(a #xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim migtermor crigomgom rubgonmar fraortmoy marpoldia1 ferrenseg bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados [])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;¬(estaEn a xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot; using HI by (simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* anaprarod *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show  &amp;quot;?P []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
   assume c1: &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (x#xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   next&lt;br /&gt;
   assume c2: &amp;quot;¬ estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   then have &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) =sinDuplicados (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   also have &amp;quot;…= (¬estaEn x (borraDuplicados xs) ∧ sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   also have &amp;quot;… = (¬estaEn x (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   also have &amp;quot;… = (¬(estaEn x xs))&amp;quot; by (simp add:estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
   also have &amp;quot;… = True&amp;quot; using c2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
   finally show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
 qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; (is &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs assume HI: &amp;quot;?P xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;)&lt;br /&gt;
    case True&lt;br /&gt;
    then have 1: &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) &lt;br /&gt;
                 = sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by (simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados_2)&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot; using HI 1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
    case False&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) &lt;br /&gt;
               = sinDuplicados (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;… = (¬ (estaEn x (borraDuplicados xs)) ∧ &lt;br /&gt;
                  sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;… = True&amp;quot;  using `¬ estaEn x xs` HI by (simp add:estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;?P (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar o refutar:&lt;br /&gt;
    borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim wilmorort pablucoto migtermor &lt;br /&gt;
   anaprarod fraortmoy ferrenseg marpoldia1 bowma danrodcha *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   xs = [a1, a2, a1]&lt;br /&gt;
   Por lo que:&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = [a2, a1]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;rev (borraDuplicados xs) = [a1, a2]&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=708</id>
		<title>Relación 5</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=708"/>
		<updated>2016-11-27T18:24:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R5: Eliminación de duplicados *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R5_Eliminacion_de_duplicados&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir la funcion primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn :: &amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (estaEn x xs) se verifica si el elemento x está en la lista&lt;br /&gt;
  xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar bowma wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn _ [] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn x (a#xs) = ((a = x) ∨ (estaEn x xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior pero con x en lugar de _ en el caso base *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn1 x [] = False&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn1 x (a#xs) = ((x=a) ∨ estaEn1 x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* reutilizando  la funcion &amp;quot;algunos&amp;quot; de R4.thy*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn2  :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn2 a xs = algunos (λx. x = a) xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn2 (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn2 (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (sinDuplicados xs) se verifica si la lista xs no contiene&lt;br /&gt;
  duplicados. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim  wilmorort bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun sinDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (x#xs) = (¬ estaEn x xs ∧ sinDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (borraDuplicados xs) es la lista obtenida eliminando los&lt;br /&gt;
  elementos duplicados de la lista xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: La función borraDuplicados es equivalente a la predefinida&lt;br /&gt;
  remdups.  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar wilmorort bowma*)&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) =( if estaEn x xs then borraDuplicados xs else x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Utilizando la negación primero *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) = (if ¬(estaEn x xs) then (x#(borraDuplicados xs)) else borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs, simp_all)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* rubgonmar wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length ( borraDuplicados xs ) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Demostrando objetivo a objetivo *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;(¬ estaEn x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = 1 +  length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ 1 + length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim  wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ 1+length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1+length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar  wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs) &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
 &lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: Para la demostración de la equivalencia se puede usar&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
  La regla iffI es&lt;br /&gt;
     ⟦P ⟹ Q ; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados []) = estaEn a []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix b xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs)) = estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume H1: &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;estaEn b xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using  H1 by  simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show  &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    next&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;¬ estaEn b xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#(borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; using H1 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;a=b ∨ (estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot; a=b ∨ (estaEn a xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume H2: &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;a=b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn b (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn b xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;(estaEn b xs ⟶ estaEn b (borraDuplicados xs)) ∧&lt;br /&gt;
           (¬ estaEn b xs ⟶ estaEn b (b # borraDuplicados xs))&amp;quot; by simp      &lt;br /&gt;
       then have &amp;quot;estaEn b (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot; using `a=b` by simp&lt;br /&gt;
     next&lt;br /&gt;
      assume &amp;quot;a≠b&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (b#xs)&amp;quot; using H2 by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;a = b ∨ estaEn a xs&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;False ∨ estaEn a xs &amp;quot; using `a≠b` by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then have &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
      then show &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados (b#xs))&amp;quot; using `a≠b` by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    qed&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*wilmorort*)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot; sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados [])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
assume HI: &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
assume &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
then show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a#xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
assume&amp;quot;¬ estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;¬ (estaEn a xs) ∧ sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot;¬ estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) ∧  sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
      by (simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
then have &amp;quot; sinDuplicados (a#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
then show &amp;quot; sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados(a #xs))&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados [])&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;estaEn a xs&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;¬(estaEn a xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then show &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados (a # xs))&amp;quot; using HI by (simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar o refutar:&lt;br /&gt;
    borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim wilmorort *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   xs = [a1, a2, a1]&lt;br /&gt;
   Por lo que:&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = [a2, a1]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;rev (borraDuplicados xs) = [a1, a2]&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=686</id>
		<title>Relación 5</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=686"/>
		<updated>2016-11-26T14:26:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R5: Eliminación de duplicados *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R5_Eliminacion_de_duplicados&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir la funcion primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn :: &amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (estaEn x xs) se verifica si el elemento x está en la lista&lt;br /&gt;
  xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn _ [] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn x (a#xs) = ((a = x) ∨ (estaEn x xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior pero con x en lugar de _ en el caso base *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn1 x [] = False&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn1 x (a#xs) = ((x=a) ∨ estaEn1 x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (sinDuplicados xs) se verifica si la lista xs no contiene&lt;br /&gt;
  duplicados. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun sinDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (x#xs) = (¬ estaEn x xs ∧ sinDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (borraDuplicados xs) es la lista obtenida eliminando los&lt;br /&gt;
  elementos duplicados de la lista xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: La función borraDuplicados es equivalente a la predefinida&lt;br /&gt;
  remdups.  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) =( if estaEn x xs then borraDuplicados xs else x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Utilizando la negación primero *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) = (if ¬(estaEn x xs) then (x#(borraDuplicados xs)) else borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs, simp_all)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length ( borraDuplicados xs ) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Demostrando objetivo a objetivo *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;(¬ estaEn x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = 1 +  length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ 1 + length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ 1+length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;... ≤ 1+length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs) &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: Para la demostración de la equivalencia se puede usar&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
  La regla iffI es&lt;br /&gt;
     ⟦P ⟹ Q ; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar o refutar:&lt;br /&gt;
    borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   xs = [a1, a2, a1]&lt;br /&gt;
   Por lo que:&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = [a2, a1]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;rev (borraDuplicados xs) = [a1, a2]&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=685</id>
		<title>Relación 5</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://www.glc.us.es/~jalonso/RA2016/index.php?title=Relaci%C3%B3n_5&amp;diff=685"/>
		<updated>2016-11-26T14:23:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ivamenjim: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;source lang=&amp;quot;isar&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
chapter {* R5: Eliminación de duplicados *}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
theory R5_Eliminacion_de_duplicados&lt;br /&gt;
imports Main &lt;br /&gt;
begin&lt;br /&gt;
        &lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 1. Definir la funcion primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn :: &amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (estaEn x xs) se verifica si el elemento x está en la lista&lt;br /&gt;
  xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar bowma *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn _ [] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn x (a#xs) = ((a = x) ∨ (estaEn x xs))&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Igual que la anterior pero con x en lugar de _ en el caso base *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun estaEn1 :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a ⇒ &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn1 x [] = False&amp;quot; &lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;estaEn1 x (a#xs) = ((x=a) ∨ estaEn1 x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (2::nat) [3,2,4] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;estaEn1 (1::nat) [3,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 2. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (sinDuplicados xs) se verifica si la lista xs no contiene&lt;br /&gt;
  duplicados. Por ejemplo,  &lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun sinDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [] = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (x#xs) = (¬ estaEn x xs ∧ sinDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2]   = True&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;sinDuplicados [1::nat,4,2,4] = False&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {* &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 3. Definir la función primitiva recursiva &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados :: &amp;#039;a list ⇒ bool&lt;br /&gt;
  tal que (borraDuplicados xs) es la lista obtenida eliminando los&lt;br /&gt;
  elementos duplicados de la lista xs. Por ejemplo, &lt;br /&gt;
     borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: La función borraDuplicados es equivalente a la predefinida&lt;br /&gt;
  remdups.  &lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) =( if estaEn x xs then borraDuplicados xs else x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Utilizando la negación primero *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
fun borraDuplicados :: &amp;quot;&amp;#039;a list ⇒ &amp;#039;a list&amp;quot; where&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [] = []&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (x#xs) = (if ¬(estaEn x xs) then (x#(borraDuplicados xs)) else borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
value &amp;quot;borraDuplicados [1::nat,2,4,2,3] = [1,4,2,3]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom*)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs, simp_all)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length ( borraDuplicados xs ) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
(* Demostrando objetivo a objetivo *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
apply simp &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 4.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next&lt;br /&gt;
  fix x xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  proof (cases)&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;estaEn x xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  next&lt;br /&gt;
    assume &amp;quot;(¬ estaEn x xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
    then have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) = length (x#borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = 1 +  length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;...  ≤ 1 + length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    also have &amp;quot;... = length (x#xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
    finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (x#xs)) ≤ length (x#xs)&amp;quot;  by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  qed&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma length_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
proof (induct xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados []) ≤ length []&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
next &lt;br /&gt;
  fix a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  assume HI: &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados xs) ≤ length xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
  have &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ 1+length (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  also have &amp;quot;… ≤ 1+length xs&amp;quot; using HI by simp&lt;br /&gt;
  finally show &amp;quot;length (borraDuplicados (a # xs)) ≤ length (a # xs)&amp;quot; by simp&lt;br /&gt;
qed&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
(* crigomgom rubgonmar *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) auto&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
apply (induct xs) &lt;br /&gt;
apply auto&lt;br /&gt;
done&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 5.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&lt;br /&gt;
  Nota: Para la demostración de la equivalencia se puede usar&lt;br /&gt;
     proof (rule iffI)&lt;br /&gt;
  La regla iffI es&lt;br /&gt;
     ⟦P ⟹ Q ; Q ⟹ P⟧ ⟹ P = Q&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma estaEn_borraDuplicados_2: &lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;estaEn a (borraDuplicados xs) = estaEn a xs&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.1. Demostrar o refutar automáticamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración automática&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
by (induct xs) (auto simp add: estaEn_borraDuplicados)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 6.2. Demostrar o refutar detalladamente&lt;br /&gt;
     sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
-- &amp;quot;La demostración estructurada es&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
lemma sinDuplicados_borraDuplicados_2:&lt;br /&gt;
  &amp;quot;sinDuplicados (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
text {*&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
  Ejercicio 7. Demostrar o refutar:&lt;br /&gt;
    borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&lt;br /&gt;
  --------------------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt;
*}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(*crigomgom rubgonmar ivamenjim *)&lt;br /&gt;
lemma &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = rev (borraDuplicados xs)&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
quickcheck&lt;br /&gt;
oops&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
(* ivamenjim: Quickcheck encuentra el siguiente contraejemplo: &lt;br /&gt;
   xs = [a1, a2, a1]&lt;br /&gt;
   Por lo que:&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;borraDuplicados (rev xs) = [a2, a1]&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
   · &amp;quot;rev (borraDuplicados xs) = [a1, a2]&amp;quot; *)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
end&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;/source&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ivamenjim</name></author>
		
	</entry>
</feed>